Aleko (Rachmaninoff)

Template:Rachmaninoff operas Aleko (Russian: Алеко) is the first of three completed operas by Sergei Rachmaninoff. The Russian libretto was written by Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and is an adaptation of the poem The Gypsies by Alexander Pushkin. The opera was written in 1892 as a graduation work at the Moscow Conservatory, and it won the highest prizes from the conservatory judges that year. It was first performed in Moscow 19 May 1892.

Performance history

The Bolshoi Theatre's premiere took place on 9 May (O.S. 27 April) 1893 in Moscow.

The composer conducted another performance in Kiev on 18/30 October 1893. (Tchaikovsky had attended the Moscow premiere of Aleko, and Rachmaninoff had intended to hear the premiere of Tchaikovsky's Pathétique Symphony on 16/28 October, but had to catch a train for Kiev to fulfill his Aleko conducting engagement.) A Pushkin centenary celebration performance on 27 May 1899 at the Tauride Palace in Saint Petersburg featured Feodor Chaliapin in the title role, and utilized the chorus and ballet of the Mariinsky Theatre.

The opera had its 1st performance in England on 15 July 1915 at the London Opera House under the direction of Vladimir Rosing.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Moscow premiere cast 9 May 1893 (Conductor: Ippolit Al'tani)	Kiev premiere cast 18 October 1893 (Conductor: Rachmaninoff)	St. Petersburg premiere cast 27 May 1899 (Conductor: Rachmaninoff)
Aleko	baritone	Bogomir Korsov	Alexandr Bobrov	Feodor Chaliapin
Young Gypsy	tenor	Lev Klementyev	Alexey Borisenko	Ivan Yershov
Zemfira	soprano	Mariya Deysha-Sionitskaya	Vera Eigen	Mariya Deysha-Sionitskaya
An old man, Zemfira's father	bass	Stepan Vlasov	Levitsky	Yalmar Frey
Gypsy woman	contralto	Yelizaveta Shubina	Alla Tomskaya
Chorus, silent roles: Gypsies

Synopsis

Time:

Place:

A band of gypsies has pitched its tents for the night on the bank of a river. Beneath a pale moon, they light campfires, prepare a meal and sing of the freedom of their nomadic existence. An old gypsy tells a story. Long ago, he loved Mariula who deserted him for another man, leaving behind Zemfira, their daughter. Zemfira is now grown up, has her own child, and lives with Aleko, a Russian who has abandoned civilisation for the gypsy life. Hearing this story, Aleko is outraged that Zemfira’s father took no revenge on Mariula. But Zemfira disagrees. For her, as for her mother, love is free, and she herself has already tired of Aleko’s possessiveness and now loves a younger gypsy, one of her own people. After dances for the women and the men, the gypsies settle down to sleep. Zemfira appears with her young lover, whom she kisses passionately before disappearing into her own tent to look after her child. Aleko enters and Zemfira taunts him, singing about her wild lover. Alone, Aleko broods on the catastrophe of his relationship with Zemfira and the failure of his attempt to flee the ordinary world. As dawn comes, he surprises Zemfira and her lover together. In a torment of jealousy he kills them both. All the gypsies gather, disturbed by the noise. Led by Zemfira’s father, they spare Aleko’s life but cast him out from them for ever.

Principal arias and numbers

• Aleko's Cavatina / Каватина Алеко (Kavatina Aleko)
• The Young Gypsy's Romance / Романс Молодого Цыгана (Romans Molodogo Tsygana)
• The Old Gypsy's Story / Рассказ Старика (Rasskaz Starika)
• Men's Dance / Пляска мужчин (Plyaska muzhchin)

Critical reception

Like Rachmaninov's two other operas, Aleko shows Rachmaninov finding his own individual style, independent of the traditional number opera or Wagner's music-dramas. Michael Bukinik, a contemporary of Rachmaninov at the conservatory, recalled the rehearsals for the opera:

"I was a pupil of the orchestra class, and during the rehearsals, we not only admired, but were made happy and proud by his daring harmonies, and were ready to see in him a reformer."

Geoffrey Norris has noted criticism of the opera as lacking in dramatic momentum and the libretto as being a hastily crafted "hotchpotch". A contemporary critic in the Moskovskiye vedomosti wrote of the opera at the time of the premiere:

"Of course there are faults, but they are far outweighed by merits, which lead one to expect much from this young composer in the future."

Recordings

• 1951 I. Petrov, N. Pokrovskaya, A. Orfenov, A. Ognivtzev, V. Zlatogorova; Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra; Nikolai Golovanov, conductor. Melodiya
• Vladimir Matorine, Natalia Erassova, Viatchslav Potchapski, Vitaly Tarastchenko, Galina Borissova; Russian State Choir; Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra; Andrei Chistiakov, conductor Saison Russe
• 1990 Artur Eisen (Aleko), Lyudmila Sergienko (Zemfira), Gleb Nikolsky (Old Man), Gegam Grigoryan (Young Gypsy), Anna Volkova (Gypsy Woman), Vasily Lanovoy (narrator). USSR Academic Grand Chorus of Radio & TV, USSR Academic Symphony Orchestra Svetlanov
• 1995 Isoumov, Koulko, Tischenko, Lapina, Donetsk Philharmonic Orchestra, Kopman, live Rotterdam 1995, Verdi Records / Brilliant
• 1996 Ghiuselev, Petkov, Blagovesta, Karnabatlova, Plovdiv PO, Ruslan Raychev. Capriccio
• 1996 Göteborgs Symfoniker, Neeme Järvi (Conductor), DG
• 2006 Egils Silins, Maria Gavrilova, Alexandra Dursuneva, Andrey Dunayev, RSO Moskau, Vladimir Fedoseyev
• 2007 Vassily Gerello (Aleko), Olga Guryakova (Zemfira), Vsevolod Grivnov (The Young Gypsy), Mikhail Kit (The Old Gypsy) Moscow Chamber Orchestra, Yurlov Capella, Constantine Orbelian
• 2009. Sergey Murzaev (Aleko), Evgeny Akimov (Young Gypsy), Gennady Bezzubenkov (Old Man), Svetla Vassileva (Zemfira), BBC Philharmonic, Gianandrea Noseda. Chandos, DDD

Video

• 1986 Nelli Volshaninova (Zemfira - actress), Svetlana Volkova (Zemfira - singer), Vladimir Golovin (Old Gypsy - actor), Vladimir Matorin (Old Gypsy - singer), Maria Papazian (Old Gypsy Woman - actress), Raisa Kotova (Old Gypsy Woman - singer), Sandor Semenov (Young Gypsy - actress), Mikhail Muntyan (Young Gypsy - singer) Moscow State Symphony Orchestra, Gosteleradio Chorus, Dimitri Kitayenko