Allan Sandage

Allan Sandage
Born	18 June 1926 Iowa City, Iowa
Died	13 November 2010 (age 84) San Gabriel, California
Nationality	United States
Fields	astronomy
Institutions	Carnegie Observatories
Alma mater	California Institute of Technology University of Illinois
Doctoral advisor	Walter Baade
Known for	cosmology
Influences	Walter Baade Edwin Hubble
Notable awards	National Medal of Science (1970) Bruce Medal (1975) Fellow of the Royal Society

Allan Rex Sandage FRS (June 18, 1926 - November 13, 2010) was an American astronomer. He was Staff Member Emeritus with the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California. He is best known for determining the first reasonably accurate value for the Hubble constant and the age of the universe.

Asteroids discovered: 1

(96155) 1973 HA

27 April 1973

Career

Sandage was one of the most influential astronomers of the 20th century. He graduated from the University of Illinois in 1948. In 1953 he received a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology; the German-born Wilson Observatory-based astronomer Walter Baade was his advisor. During this time Sandage was a graduate student assistant to cosmologist Edwin Hubble. He continued Hubble's research program after Hubble died in 1953. In 1952 Baade had shaken the astronomical world by announcing his determination of two separate populations of Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda Galaxy, resulted in a doubling of the estimated age of the universe (from 1.8 to 3.6 billion years). Hubble had posited the earlier value; he had only considered the weaker Population II Cepheid variables as standard candles. Following Baade's pronouncements, Sandage showed that astronomers' previous assumption, that the brightest stars in galaxies were of approximately equal inherent intensity, was mistaken in the case of H II regions which he found not to be stars and inherently brighter than the brightest stars in distant galaxies. This resulted in another 1.5 factor increase in the calculated age of the universe, to approximately 5.5 billion years. Throughout the 1950s and well into the 1980s Sandage was regarded as the pre-eminent observational cosmologist, making contributions to all aspects of the cosmological distance scale, ranging from calibrators within our own Milky Way Galaxy, to cosmologically distant galaxies.

Sandage began working at the Palomar Observatory. In 1958 he published the first good estimate for the Hubble constant, revising Hubble's value of 250 down to 75 km/s/Mpc, which is close to today's accepted value. Later he became the chief advocate of an even lower value, around 50, corresponding to a Hubble age of around 20 billion years.

Sandage performed photometric studies of globular clusters, and calculated their age to be at least 25 billion years. This led him to speculate that the universe did not merely expand, but actually expanded and contracted with a period of 80 billion years. The current cosmological estimates of the age of the universe, in contrast, are typically of the order of 14 billion years. As part of his studies on the formation of galaxies in the early universe, he co-wrote the paper now called ELS after the authors Olin J. Eggen, Donald Lynden-Bell and Sandage, first describing the collapse of a proto-galactic gas cloud into our present Milky Way Galaxy. He later defended the paper in 1990.

In his 1961 paper "The Ability of the 200-inch Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models," he suggested that the future of observational cosmology would be the search for two parameters: the Hubble constant H₀ and the deceleration parameter q₀. This paper influenced observational cosmology for at least three decades as it carefully laid out the types of observational tests that could be performed with a large telescope. He also published two atlases of galaxies, in 1961 and in 1981, based on the Hubble classification scheme.

In 1962 Sandage studied the possibility of directly measuring the temporal variation of the redshift of extra-galactic sources. This analysis became known as the "Sandage–Loeb test".

Sandage is noted for his discovery in the M82 galaxy of jets erupting from the core. These must have been caused by massive explosions in the core, and they have apparently been occurring for at least 1.5 million years.

Sandage was a prolific researcher; during his career he published over 500 papers. Until his death he continued to be an active researcher at the Carnegie Observatories, still publishing several papers a year.

Personal life

In 1959, Sandage married Mary Connelley, also an astronomer, with whom he had two sons, David and John. Sandage became a Christian later in his life. He wrote several essays on the subject of religion and science, which appeared in publications such as Science and the Spiritual Quest: New Essays by Leading Scientists (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002). On November 13, 2010, Sandage died of pancreatic cancer at his home in San Gabriel, California. He was 84 years old.

Honors

Awards

• Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy (1957)
• Eddington Medal (1963)
• Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1967)
• National Medal of Science (1970)
• Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1972)
• Elliott Cresson Medal (1973)
• Fellow of the Royal Society
• Bruce Medal (1975)
• Crafoord Prize (1991)

Named after him

• Main-belt asteroid, 9963 Sandage (1992 AN)

Further reading

• Alan P. Lightman and Roberta Brawer, Origins: the lives and worlds of modern cosmologists, Harvard University Press, 1990. Interviews with modern cosmologists, including Sandage.
• Lynden-Bell, Donald; Schweizer, Francois (2012), "Allan R. Sandage, 18 June 1926 - 13 November 2010", Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society, arXiv:1111.5646 
• Timothy Ferris, The Red Limit: The Search for the Edge of the Universe, Harper Perennial, 2002. Non-technical description of research, primarily up to about 1980, on cosmology; Sandage was a key figure, and features accordingly.
• Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: the story of the scientific quest for the secret of the Universe, HarperCollins 1991, Back Bay (with new afterword), 1999. Historical account of modern cosmology told through the careers of the scientists involved, in which Sandage is the central character. Complementary to Origins.
• Allan Sandage, The Mount Wilson Observatory. Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Sandage's account of the observatory where he worked, with the background to his own work with Hubble and others.

External links

• Bruce Medalist page on Allan Sandage
• Allan Sandage directory page at the IAU
• Allan Sandage page at The Carnegie Observatories
• Rowan-Robinson, Michael (2011). "Obituaries: Allan Rex Sandage". Physics Today 64 (6). http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_64/iss_6/64_1.shtml?type=PTALERT.