Alveolar flap

Alveolar tap
ɾ
Image
IPA number	124
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɾ
Unicode (hex)	U+027E
X-SAMPA	4
Kirshenbaum	*
Sound

The alveolar flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar flaps is ⟨ɾ⟩.

Definition

The terms tap and flap may be used interchangeably.

Peter Ladefoged proposed for a while that it may be useful to distinguish between them. However, his usage has been inconsistent, contradicting itself even between different editions of the same text.^{[citation needed]} The last proposed distinction was that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief plosive, whereas a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing." However, later on, he no longer felt this was a useful distinction to make, and preferred to use the word flap in all cases.

For linguists who do make the distinction, the coronal tap is transcribed as a fish-hook "r", [ɾ], while the flap is transcribed as a small capital "d", [ᴅ], which is not recognized by the IPA. Otherwise, alveolars and dentals are typically called taps, and other articulations flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.

This sound is often analyzed (and therefore transcribed) by native English speakers as an 'R-sound' in many foreign languages. For example, the 'Japanese R' in hara, akira, tora, etc. is actually an alveolar tap. In languages where this segment is present but is not a true phoneme, an alveolar tap is often an allophone of either an alveolar stop (/t/ or /d/) or a rhotic consonant like the alveolar trill or alveolar approximant.

Features

Features of the alveolar flap/tap:

• Its manner of articulation is tap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		emër	[ɛməɾ]	'name'
Arabic	Egyptian	رجل	[ɾeɡl]	'foot/leg'	Contrasts with emphatic form. See Arabic phonology
Armenian		րոպե	[ɾopɛ]	'minute'
Asturian		yera	[ʝeˈɾa]	'I/it was'
Austro-Bavarian		Rose	[ɾoːzə]	'rose'
Basque		lore	[loɾe]	'flower'
Catalan		mira	[ˈmiɾə]	'look'	See Catalan phonology
Chechen		рагI/raġ	[ɾɑɣ]	'mountain range'
Dutch	Standard	drank	[dɾaŋk]	'liquor'	Is a trill word-initially in careful speech
English	General American	better	[ˈbɛɾɚ]	'better'	Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/. See English phonology and flapping
	Australian		[ˈbe̞ɾə]		See Australian English phonology
	New Zealand		[ˈbeɾə]
	Older Received Pronunciation	three	[ˈθɾiː]	'three'	Rhotic consonant
	Scotland
	South Africa
Ilokano		tumakder	[tʊmakˈdeɾ]	'to stand up'
Japanese		心/こころ/kokoro	[ko̥koɾo]	'heart'	May instead be an alveolar lateral flap. See Japanese phonology
Korean		바람/baram	[paɾam]	'wind'	See Korean phonology
Māori		reo	[ˈɾeo]	'language'
Norwegian		Norge	[ˈnɔɾɡə]	'Norway'	See Norwegian phonology
Persian		كشور	[keʃvæɾ]	'country'	See Persian phonology
Portuguese		cara	[ˈkaɾɐ]	'face'	See Portuguese phonology
Sicilian		corna	[ˈkɔɾna]	'horns'
Spanish		caro	[ˈkaɾo̞]	'expensive'	See Spanish phonology
Tagalog		bihira	[bɪˈhiɾa]	'rare'	See Tagalog phonology
Turkish		Türkiye	[ˈt̪yɾcijɛ]	'Turkey'	See Turkish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan	ran	[ɾaŋ]	'to see'

See also

• Intervocalic alveolar flapping
• Index of phonetics articles

Bibliography

• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56 
• Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 341–349 
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94 
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259 
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114 
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• Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press 
• Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 351–360