Alveolar trill
| Alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r | |
| IPA number | 122 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | r |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0072 |
| X-SAMPA | r |
| Kirshenbaum | r<trl> |
| Braille |  |
| Sound | |
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The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of these languages.
In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Albanian, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects, which treat them as completely separate phonemes.
Contents |
Features[edit]
Features of the alveolar trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ашəара | [aʃʷara] | 'measure' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | речӀы | [retʃʼə] | 'crushing' | ||
| Afrikaans | rooi | [rɔɪ] | 'red' | ||
| Albanian | rrush | [ruʃ] | 'grape' | ||
| Arabic | رأس | [rɑʔs] | 'head' | Represented by a ⟨ر⟩. See Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[1] | ռումբ |  [rumb] (help·info) |
'cannon-ball' | |
| Asturian | xenru | [ˈʃẽ̞nru] | 'son-in-law' | ||
| Basque | errota | [erot̪a] | 'mill' | ||
| Bulgarian | награда | [nɐɡrada] | 'award' | ||
| Catalan[2] | roba | [ˈrɔβə] | 'clothes' | Weakly trilled.[citation needed] See Catalan phonology | |
| Czech | chlor | [xlɔ̝ːr] | 'chlorine' | May be syllabic. See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | Many dialects | rood | [roːt] (help·info) |
'red' | In free variation with [ɾ]. Pronunciation of /r/ varies regionally. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Scottish | curd | [kʌrd] | 'curd' | Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others. See English phonology |
| Esperanto | tri | [tri] (help·info) |
'three' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | narr | [nɑrː] | 'fool' | ||
| Finnish | purra | [purːɑ] | 'to bite' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Sometimes in southern France and Corsica | rouge | [ruʒ] | 'red' | See Standard and Quebec French phonologies |
| Rural Quebec | |||||
| African French | |||||
| Galician | ría | [ˈri.a] | 'ria', 'estuary' | Does not occur in coda position. | |
| German | Some dialects | Schmarrn | [ʃmaːrn] (help·info) |
'nonsense' | See German phonology |
| Greek | ρώγα | [ˈroɣa] | 'grape' | More commonly [ɾ]. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | ראשׁ | [roʃ] | 'head' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindi | घर | [ɡʱər] | 'house' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | arra | [ɒrːɒ] | 'that way' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | rós | [ˈroːus] | 'rose' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Ilokano | gurruod | [ɡʊˈruʔod] | 'thunder' | ||
| Italian[3] | terra | [ˈtɛrra] | 'earth' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese | Some dialects | 羅針 rashin | [raɕĩɴ] | 'compass' | More commonly [ɾ]. Use of [r] is known in Japanese as makijita (Japanese: 巻き舌, 'rolling tongue'). See Japanese phonology |
| Kele[4] | [ⁿrikei] | 'leg' | |||
| Macedonian | игра | [igra] | 'play' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | Standard | arah | [arah] | 'direction' | See Malay phonology |
| Marathi | Standard | रबर | [rəbər] | 'rubber' | See Marathi phonology |
| Ngwe | Njoagwi dialect | [lɛ̀rɛ́] | 'eye' | ||
| Persian | رستم Rostam | [ˈrostʌm] | 'Rostam' | Allophone of [ɾ] in word-initial positions. See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[5] | krok | [ˈkrɔk] (help·info) |
'step' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Some dialects[6] | honrar | [õˈraɾ] | 'to honor' | Older rhotic corresponding to guttural R of most dialects. Does not occur in coda position. See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian[7] | играть | [ɪˈɡr̠atʲ] | 'to play' | Retracted. See Russian phonology | |
| Scots | wir | [wir] | 'our' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | рт / rt | [r̩t] | 'cape' | May be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[8] | krk | [kr̩k] | 'neck' | May be a tap, particularly when not syllabic. | |
| Spanish[9] | perro | [ˈpe̞rːo̞] | 'dog' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard | rov | [ruːv] (help·info) |
'prey' | See Swedish phonology |
| Tajik | арра | [ʌrrʌ] | 'saw' | ||
| Thai | Standard Thai | พรุ่งนี้ | [pʰrûŋ.níː] | 'tomorrow' | |
| Titan[4] | [ⁿrakeiʔin] | 'girls' | |||
| Ubykh | [bəqˤʼərda] | 'to roll around' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | рух | [rux] | 'motion' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | [ˈr̥aɡvɨr] | 'December' | Contrasts voiced and voiceless alveolar trills. See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | rûp | [rup] | 'carterpillar' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[10] | r-ree | [rəˀə] | 'habitual-go out' | Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/. |
Voiceless alveolar trill[edit]
| Voiceless alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r̥ |
Some languages possess a voiceless alveolar trill, which differs only in the vibrations of the vocal cord. This is rare, and usually occurs alongside the voiced version as a similar phoneme or an allophone. It is postulated to have occurred in Ancient Greek, where it was spelled ⟨ῥ⟩; this sound has since merged with /r/ in Modern Greek.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greek | Cypriot | αδερφός | [ɐðe̞r̥ˈfo̞s] | 'brother' | Allophone of /ɾ/ before voiceless consonants. More commonly a voiceless tap. |
| Icelandic | hrafn | [ˈr̥apn̥] | 'raven' | Not an allophone. Also illustrates [n̥]. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Lezgian[11] | крчар krčar | [ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar] | 'horns' | Allophone of /r/ between voiceless obstruents. | |
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | [ˈr̥aɡvɨr] | 'December' | Contrasts voiced and voiceless alveolar trills. See Welsh phonology | |
Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill[edit]
| Raised alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝ | |
| Sound | |
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In Czech there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical trill, written r, there is another, written ř, in words such as rybáři [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ], though not so retracted. Thus in the IPA it is written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩. (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩). It is normally voiced, but there is a voiceless allophone [r̝̊] as with many other Czech consonants. The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, although the degree of frication is variable.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech | čtyři | [t͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ] (help·info) |
'four' | See Czech phonology |
| Kobon | [example needed] | — | — |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ In much of Africa, some communities of non-Portuguese European immigrants (it may be weakly trilled in the former ones), inland northern Portugal, and places near Hispanic countries.
- ^ Skalozub (1963:?); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ Haspelmath (1993:35)
Bibliography[edit]
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Haspelmath, Martin (1993), A Grammar of Lezgian, Mouton Grammar Library 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013735-6
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Skalozub, Larisa (1963), Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta
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