Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed Amanita or the jonquil Amanita, is a mushroom of the genus Amanita, a genus of fungi including some of the most deadly mushrooms, as well as notably psychoactive mushrooms. A. gemmata resembles the false death cap, tawny grisette and panther cap mushrooms. Its pileus (cap) is a more bright color than in the former and more yellow than that of the latter two. Yet today it is still confused with various other European species.
[edit] Taxonomy and phylogeny
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| Phylogeny and relationships of A. gemmata and related species based on combined analyses of nLU-DNA and mtSSU-DNA sequences.[3] |
The species was first described scientifically by Swedish mycologist and botanist Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus gemmatus in 1838.[4] It was transferred to the genus Amanita in 1866 by the French statistician Louis Bertillon. The species has been transferred to several genera in its history, resulting in a number of synonyms, including Amanita muscaria var. gemmata (1886, Lucien Quélet), Amanitopsis gemmata (1887, Pier Andrea Saccardo), Amanitaria gemmata (1940, Jean-Edouard Gilbert), and Venenarius gemmatus (1948, William Murrill).[1]
Two molecular studies based on sequences of the large ribosomal subunit RNA gene (nLSU-rDNA) and the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit RNA gene (mtSSU-rDNA) show that Amanita gemmata is part of a subgroup within Amanita with its close relatives the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), A. farinosa and A. roseitincta. It is deadly poisonous, and causes symptoms as in A. pantherina poisoning.[3][5] Amanita gemmata is a hallucinogenic mushroom which contains ibotenic acid and muscimol.[6]
The mushroom is commonly known as the "gemmed Amanita", the "jonquil Amanita",[7] or the "European gemmed Amanita".[8]
[edit] Description
Young specimen in Königsforst (near Cologne, Germany) after several days of dry weather (note pale color of dry cap)
A close view of the spores.
The fruit bodies are colored yellow overall. The fresh cap, ranging in color from dull creamy yellow to golden yellow to buff, is sticky when moist. White warts adorn the cap surface, but they are usually flimsy and easily washed away by rain; they even seem as though they might easily slide off the wet cap surface with no more than gravity to encourage them. The cap is typically 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) in diameter, initially convex before flattening out in maturity. The gills are adnate to adnexed, and white; they are close together, with little intervening space. The pale yellowish stem is 5–13 cm (2.0–5.1 in) long by 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) thick, and either roughly equal in width throughout, or slightly thicker at the base. Young mushrooms have a membranous partial veil extending from the upper stem to the cap margin; as the mushroom grows, the partial veil tears to leave a flimsy, skirt-like, easily-lost ring on the stem. At the base of the stem is a flimsy white volva (a remnant of the universal veil that covered the immature mushroom) that usually forms a small, free rim. Spore prints are white.[7]
Amanita gemmata has ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid spores measuring 8–10 by 6.5–7.5 µm with an average Q-ratio (the fraction of length/width) of 1.35; the spores are not amyloid. The surface of the thin-walled spores is smooth, and they contains one to several small oil droplets. The basidia (spore-bearing cells of the hymenium) are mostly unclamped.[8]
[edit] Toxicity
The species was implicated in several poisonings (including one death) in the Chilean province of Malleco between 1986 and 1990. Symptoms were similar to that caused by ingestion of Amanita phalloides, including acute gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis.[9]
[edit] Similar species
There are numerous forms in North America that tend to integrate with A. pantherina.[10] In 2005, Rod Tulloss described Amanita aprica, a species that has been confused with A. gemmata several times in the past.[11]
[edit] Ecology, habitat and distribution
Amanita gemmata is a mycorrhizal fungus, meaning it forms a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of compatible host plants. Through the association, the plant provides the fungus with a carbon source, and the fungus provides the plant with several benefits such as nutrients and protection from pathogens. Largent & collaborators (1980) document mycorrhizal association of Amanita gemmata with manzanita and lodgepole pine, and Nieto and Carbone with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) in Spain.[12] It favors sandy and slightly acidic soils and often in association with Norway Spruce (Picea abies). The mushroom grows either solitarily, scattered, or in groups in coniferous and mixed forest, especially along paths and roads.[7]
The species is distributed in areas of the Americas and Europe. It grows in summer and fall (fall and winter in California).[7] It is widely distributed (as a species cluster) in North America; it has been found as far south as Ixtlán de Juárez, Mexico.[13] The species has been reported from the Dominican Republic.[14] In South America, it is known from Chile.[9] In Central Europe, it is found between June and October. The mushroom has also been collected from Iran.[15]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b "Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertill. 1866". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=202929. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertill.". Species Fungorum. CAB International. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=202929. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b Moncalvo, J.-M.; Drehmel, D.; Vilgalys, R. (2000). "Variation in modes and rates of evolution in nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA in the mushroom genus Amanita (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): phylogenetic implications". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16 (1): 48–63. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0782. PMID 10877939.
- ^ Fries EM. (1838) (in Latin). Epicrisis systematis mycologici: seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Uppsala, Sweden: Typographia Academica. p. 12. http://books.google.com/?id=bYdIAAAAYAAJ&dq=epicrisis%20systematis%20mycologici&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q=gemmatus&f=false.
- ^ Drehmel, D.; Moncalvo, J.-M; Vilgalys, R. (1999). "Molecular phylogeny of Amanita based on large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and character evolution". Mycologia 91 (4): 610–618. doi:10.2307/3761246. JSTOR 3761246.
- ^ (Beutler & Der Marderosian 1981; Chilton & Ott 1976)
- ^ a b c d Arora, David. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 281. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ a b Tulloss, Rodham E. (2010). "Amanita gemmata". Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella. http://www.amanitaceae.org/?Amanita%20gemmata. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b Sierralta, A.; Jeria, M.E.; Figueroa, G.; Pinto, J.; Araya, J.C.; San Juan, J.; Grinbergs, J.; Valenzuela, E. (1994). "Mushroom Poisoning in the 9th region of Chile – role of Amanita gemmata" (in Spanish). Revista Medica de Chile 122 (7): 795–802. ISSN 0034-9887. PMID 7732230.
- ^ Bresinsky, Andreas; Besl, Helmut. (1989). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi: a Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists. London: Manson Publishing Ltd. pp. 110–11. ISBN 0-7234-1576-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=EIcQGsZ2kksC&lpg=PA110&dq=amanita%20gemmata&pg=PA110.
- ^ Tulloss, Rodham E.; Lindgren, Janet E. (2005). "Amanita aprica—a new toxic species from western North America". Mycotaxon 91: 193–205. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0091/0193.htm.
- ^ Nieto, Montserrat Pestaña; Carbone, Serena Santolamazza. (2008). "Characterization of juvenile maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) ectomycorrhizal fungal community using morphotyping, direct sequencing and fruitbodies sampling". Mycorrhiza 19 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1007/s00572-008-0207-0. PMID 18972139.
- ^ Villanueva-Jimenez, Emmanuel; Villegas-Rios, Margarita; Cifuentes-Blanco, Joaquin; Leon-Avendano, Hugo (2006). "Diversity of the genus Amanita in two areas with different forestry management in Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico" (in Spanish). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 77 (1): 17–22. ISSN 1870-3453.
- ^ Gallart, C. Augusto Rodriguez (1997). "Study of micromycetes from the Dominican Republic: Part III" (in Spanish). Moscosoa 9: 145–153. ISSN 0254-6442.
- ^ Saber, M. (1995). "The species of Amanita in Iran" (in Arabic). Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 31 (1–4): 15–18. ISSN 0006-2774.
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| Subgenus Amanita |
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Section Amanita
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Section Vaginatae
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Section Caesareae
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| Subgenus Lepidella |
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Section Lepidella
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Section Amidella
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Section Phalloideae
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Section Validae
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