Ambassadors of the United States

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Flag of ambassadors of the United States

This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to individual nations of the world, to international organizations, to past nations, and ambassadors-at-large.

Ambassadors are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.[1] An ambassador can be appointed during a recess of the Senate, but can serve only to the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed by the Senate.[2] Ambassadors serve "at the pleasure of the President," which means that they can be dismissed at any time.

An ambassador may be a career foreign service officer or a political appointee. In most cases, U.S. ambassadors who are career foreign service officers serve a tour of approximately three years in a foreign post. Ambassadors who are political appointees will customarily tender their resignations upon inauguration of a new President. As embassies fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of State, ambassadors answer to the Secretary of State.

Contents

Current U.S. Ambassadors [edit]

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Up-to-date source

Host country Ref U.S. Ambassador Embassy
Website		 Date Confirmed
Afghanistan Ref James B. Cunningham Kabul August 2012
Albania Ref Alexander A. Arvizu Tirana December 2010
Algeria Ref Henry S. Ensher Algiers July 2011
Andorra Ref Alan Solomont Madrid December 2009
Angola Ref Christopher J. McMullen Luanda September 2010
Antigua and Barbuda[3] Ref Larry Leon Palmer Bridgetown March 2012
Argentina Ref Vilma S. Martinez Buenos Aires July 2009
Armenia Ref John A. Heffern Yerevan August 2011
Australia Ref Jeff Bleich Canberra November 2009
Austria Ref William Eacho Vienna August 2009
Azerbaijan Ref Richard L. Morningstar Baku June 2012
The Bahamas Ref John Dinkelman, Chargé d'Affaires a.i. Nassau  
Bahrain Ref Thomas Krajeski Manama October 2011
Bangladesh Ref Dan Mozena Dhaka June 2011
Barbados[3] Ref Larry Leon Palmer Bridgetown March 2012
Belarus Ref Vacant since March 12, 2008.
Ethan A. Goldrich, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.		 Minsk  
Belgium Ref Howard W. Gutman Brussels August 2009
Belize Ref Vinai Thummalapally Belmopan June 2009
Benin Ref James Knight Cotonou August 2009
Bolivia Ref Vacant since September 10, 2008
Larry L. Memmott, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.		 La Paz  
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ref Patrick S. Moon Sarajevo August 2009
Botswana Ref Michelle D. Gavin Gaborone June 2011
Brazil Ref Thomas A. Shannon, Jr. Brasilia December 2009
Brunei Ref Daniel L. Shields Bandar Seri Begawan March 2011
Bulgaria Ref James B. Warlick, Jr. Sofia December 2009
Burkina Faso Ref Thomas Dougherty Ouagadougou May 2010
Burma[4] Ref Derek Mitchell Rangoon June 2012
Burundi Ref Dawn M. Liberi Bujumbura October 2012
Cambodia Ref William E. Todd Phnom Penh March 2012
Cameroon Ref Robert P. Jackson Yaoundé September 2010
Canada Ref David Jacobson Ottawa October 2009
Cape Verde Ref Adrienne S. O’Neal Praia October 2011
Central African Republic Ref Lawrence D. Wohlers Bangui September 2010
Chad Ref Mark Boulware Ndjamena September 2010
Chile Ref Alejandro Daniel Wolff Santiago July 2010
China Ref Gary Locke Beijing July 2011
Colombia Ref P. Michael McKinley Bogotá August 2010
Comoros[5] Ref Vacant
Eric M. Wong, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.		 Antananarivo
Democratic Republic of the Congo Ref James F. Entwistle Kinshasa August 2010
Republic of the Congo Ref Christopher W. Murray Brazzaville August 2010
Costa Rica Ref Anne Slaughter Andrew San José December 2009
Ivory Coast Ref Phillip Carter III Abidjan August 2010
Croatia Ref Kenneth Merten Zagreb October 2012
Cuba[6] Ref No diplomatic relations since 1961.
Cyprus Ref John Koenig Nicosia August 2012  
Northern Cyprus[7]        
Czech Republic Ref Norman L. Eisen Prague December 2010
Denmark Ref Vacant since February-15-2013 on the resignation of Laurie Fulton Copenhagen July 2009
Djibouti Ref Geeta Pasi Djibouti April 2011
Dominica[3] Ref Larry Leon Palmer Bridgetown March 2012
Dominican Republic Ref Raul Yzaguirre Santo Domingo September 2010
East Timor (Timor-Leste) Ref Judith Fergin Dili September 2010
Ecuador Ref Adam E. Namm Quito April 2012
Egypt Ref Anne W. Patterson Cairo August 2011
El Salvador Ref Mari Carmen Aponte San Salvador June 2012
Equatorial Guinea Ref Alberto M. Fernandez Malabo February 2010
Eritrea Ref Vacant since July 2010
Joel Reifman, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.		 Asmara  
Estonia Ref Michael C. Polt Tallinn September 2009
Ethiopia Ref Donald E. Booth Addis Ababa April 2010
Fiji[8] Ref Frankie A. Reed Suva August 2011
Finland Ref Bruce J. Oreck Helsinki August 2009
France[9] Ref Charles Rivkin Paris July 2009
Gabon[10] Ref Eric D. Benjaminson Libreville July 2010
The Gambia Ref Edward M. Alford Banjul June 2012
Georgia Ref Richard Norland Tbilisi March 2012
Germany Ref Philip D. Murphy Berlin August 2009
Ghana Ref Gene Cretz Ghana August 2012
Greece Ref Daniel Bennett Smith Athens September 2010
Grenada[3] Ref Larry Leon Palmer Bridgetown March 2012
Guatemala Ref Arnold A. Chacon Guatemala August 2011
Guinea Ref Mark L. Asquino Conakry June 2012
Guinea-Bissau[11] Ref Lewis A. Lukens Dakar August 2011
Guyana Ref D. Brent Hardt Georgetown June 2011
Haiti Ref Pamela A. White Port-au-Prince July 2012
Holy See Ref Mario Mesquita, Chargé d'Affaires Vatican
Honduras Ref Lisa Kubiske Tegucigalpa July 2011
Hungary Ref Eleni Tsakopoulos Kounalakis Budapest January 2010
Iceland Ref Luis E. Arreaga Reykjavik August 2010
India Ref Nancy Powell New Delhi March 2012
Indonesia Ref Scot Marciel Jakarta August 2010
Iran[12] Ref No diplomatic relations since the 1979 Iranian Revolution.
Iraq Ref James Franklin Jeffrey Baghdad August 2010
Ireland Ref Dan Rooney Dublin July 2009
Israel Ref Daniel B. Shapiro Tel Aviv July 2011
Italy[13] Ref David Thorne Rome August 2009
Jamaica Ref Pamela E. Bridgewater Kingston December 2010
Japan Ref John Roos Tokyo August 2009
Jordan Ref Stuart E. Jones Amman  
Kazakhstan Ref Kenneth J. Fairfax Astana July 2011
Kenya Ref Scott Gration Nairobi April 2011
Kiribati[8] Ref Frankie A. Reed Suva August 2011
North Korea[14]        
South Korea Ref Sung Kim Seoul October 2011
Kosovo Ref Christopher William Dell Pristina May 2009
Kuwait Ref Matthew H. Tueller Kuwait City September 2011
Kyrgyzstan Ref Pamela L. Spratlen Bishkek April 2011
Laos Ref Karen B. Stewart Vientiane November 2010
Latvia Ref Mark A. Pekala Riga August 2012
Lebanon Ref Maura Connelly Beirut September 2010
Lesotho Ref Michele T. Bond Maseru September 2010
Liberia Ref Deborah R. Malac, Chargé d'Affaires a.i. Monrovia July 2012
Libya Ref Laurence Pope as Chargé d’Affairs Tripoli
Liechtenstein[15] Ref Donald S. Beyer, Jr. Bern August 2009
Lithuania Ref Anne E. Derse Vilnius September 2009
Luxembourg Ref Robert A. Mandell Luxembourg October 2011
Macedonia Ref Paul D. Wohlers Skopje September 2011
Madagascar[5] Ref Vacant since June 7, 2010
Eric M. Wong, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.		 Antananarivo  
Malawi Ref Jeanine E. Jackson Lilongwe May 2011
Malaysia Ref Datuk Paul W. Jones Kuala Lumpur September 2010
Maldives[16] Ref Michele J. Sison Colombo June 2012
Mali Ref Mary Leonard Bamako October 2011
Malta Ref Gina Abercrombie-Winstanley Valletta April 2012
Marshall Islands Ref Thomas Hart Armbruster Majuro August 2012
Mauritania Ref Jo Ellen Powell Nouakchott September 2010
Mauritius[17] Ref Vacant since ???
Troy Fitrell, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.		 Port Louis  
Mexico Ref Earl Anthony Wayne Mexico City August 2012
Micronesia, Federated States of Ref Dorothea-Maria Rosen Kolonia June 2012
Moldova Ref William H. Moser Chisinau August 2011
Monaco[9][18] Ref Charles Rivkin Paris July 2009
Mongolia Ref Piper Anne Wind Campbell Ulaanbaatar June 2012
Montenegro Ref Sue K. Brown Podgorica April 2011
Morocco Ref Samuel L. Kaplan Rabat September 2009
Mozambique Ref Douglas M. Griffiths Maputo June 2012
Namibia Ref Wanda L. Nesbitt Windhoek September 2010
Nauru[8] Ref Frankie A. Reed Suva August 2011
Nepal Ref Peter W. Bodde Kathmandu June 2012
Netherlands Ref Vacant since September 2011
Edwin R. Nolan, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.		 The Hague
New Zealand[19] Ref David Huebner Wellington November 2009
Nicaragua Ref Phyllis M. Powers Managua March 2012
Niger Ref Bisa Williams Niamey October 2010
Nigeria Ref Terence P. McCulley Abuja September 2010
Norway Ref Barry B. White Oslo September 2009
Oman Ref Richard Schmierer Muscat August 2009
Pakistan Ref Richard G. Olsen Islamabad October 2010
Palau[20] Ref Helen Reed-Rowe Koror September 2010
Palestine   The United States does not recognize Palestine.    
Panama Ref Jonathan D. Farrar Panama March 2012
Papua New Guinea[21] Ref Teddy B. Taylor Port Moresby September 2009
Paraguay Ref James H. Thessin Asunción September 2011
Peru Ref Rose M. Likins Lima September 2010
Philippines[20] Ref Harry K. Thomas, Jr. Manila April 2010
Poland Ref Stephen Mull Warsaw October 2012
Portugal Ref Allan J. Katz Lisbon March 2010
Qatar Ref Susan L. Ziadeh Doha June 2011
Romania Ref Mark Gitenstein Bucharest July 2009
Russia Ref Michael McFaul Moscow January 2012
Rwanda Ref Donald W. Koran Kigali July 2009
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[22]        
Saint Kitts and Nevis[3] Ref Larry Leon Palmer Bridgetown March 2012
Saint Lucia[3] Ref Larry Leon Palmer Bridgetown March 2012
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[3] Ref Larry Leon Palmer Bridgetown March 2012
Samoa[19] Ref David Huebner Wellington November 2009
San Marino[13] Ref David Thorne Florence October 2011
São Tomé and Príncipe[10] Ref Eric D. Benjaminson Libreville July 2010
Saudi Arabia Ref James B. Smith Riyadh September 2009
Senegal[11] Ref Lewis A. Lukens Dakar August 2011
Serbia Ref Michael Kirby Belgrade August 2012
Seychelles[17] Ref Mary Jo Wills Port Louis February 2010
Sierra Leone Ref Michael S. Owen Freetown August 2010
Singapore Ref David Adelman Singapore March 2010
Slovakia Ref Theodore Sedgwick Bratislava July 2010
Slovenia Ref Joseph A. Mussomeli Ljubljana October 2010
Solomon Islands[21] Ref Teddy B. Taylor Port Moresby September 2009
Somalia[23][24] Ref Virtual Presence Post
Managed through the U.S. Embassy in Kenya		 Somalia VPP  
South Africa Ref Donald Gips Pretoria July 2009
South Ossetia[25]
South Sudan Ref Susan Page Juba October 2011
Spain[26] Ref Alan Solomont Madrid December 2009
Sri Lanka[16] Ref Michele J. Sison Colombo January 2010
Sudan[27] Ref Vacant since 1996
Joseph D. Stafford, Chargé d’Affaires a. i.		 Khartoum  
Suriname Ref Jay N. Anania Paramaribo June 2012
Swaziland Ref Earl M. Irving Mbabane August 2009
Sweden Ref Mark Brzezinski Stockholm October 2011
Switzerland[15] Ref Donald S. Beyer, Jr. Bern August 2009
Syria[28] Ref Robert Stephen Ford Damascus December 2010
Taiwan[29]      
Tajikistan Ref Susan Marsh Elliott Dushanbe June 2012
Tanzania Ref Alfonso E. Lenhardt Dar es Salaam August 2009
Thailand Ref Kristie Kenney Bangkok January 2011
Togo Ref Robert E. Whitehead Lomé May 2012
Tonga[8] Ref Frankie A. Reed Tonga August 2011
Trinidad and Tobago Ref Beatrice Wilkinson Welters Port of Spain April 2010
Tunisia Ref Jacob Walles Tunis July 2012
Turkey Ref Francis J. Ricciardone, Jr. Ankara January 2011
Turkmenistan Ref Robert Patterson Ashgabat April 2011
Tuvalu[8] Ref Frankie A. Reed Suva August 2011
Uganda Ref Jerry P. Lanier Kampala August 2009
Ukraine Ref John F. Tefft Kiev November 2009
United Arab Emirates Ref Michael H. Corbin Abu Dhabi July 2011
United Kingdom[30] Ref Louis Susman London July 2009
Uruguay Ref Julissa Reynoso Montevideo March 2012
Uzbekistan Ref George A. Krol Tashkent June 2011
Vanuatu[21] Ref Teddy B. Taylor Port Moresby September 2009
Venezuela Ref Vacant since July 2010
James M. Derham, Chargé d'Affaires a.i.[31]		 Caracas  
Vietnam Ref David B. Shear Hanoi August 2011
Yemen Ref Gerald M. Feierstein Sana’a September 2010
Zambia Ref Mark C. Storella Lusaka August 2010
Zimbabwe Ref Charles A. Ray Harare September 2009

Ambassadors to international organizations [edit]

Current ambassadors from the United States to international organizations

Host organization Location Ambassador
African Union Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Dr. Michael Battle
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Washington, D.C., United States Patricia Haslach
Association of Southeast Asian Nations Jakarta, Indonesia David L. Carden
Conference on Disarmament Geneva, Switzerland Laura E. Kennedy
European Union Brussels, Belgium William Kennard
International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal, Canada Duane E Woerth
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels, Belgium Ivo Daalder
Organization of American States Washington, D.C., United States Carmen Lomellin
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Rashad Hussain
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris, France Karen Kornbluh
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Vienna, Austria Ian C. Kelly
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons The Hague, Netherlands Robert Mikulak
United Nations New York, United States Susan Rice
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris, France David T. Killion
United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi, Kenya Joseph P. Murphy
United Nations Agencies in Rome Rome, Italy David J. Lane
United Nations International Organizations in Vienna Vienna, Austria Glyn Davies
United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva Geneva, Switzerland Betty E. King
United Nations Human Rights Council Geneva, Switzerland Eileen Chamberlain Donahoe
World Trade Organization Geneva, Switzerland Michael Punke

Ambassadors-at-large [edit]

Current ambassadors-at-large from the United States with worldwide responsibility:

Title Ambassador U.S. State Department
Ambassador-at-Large for Counterterrorism Daniel Benjamin Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism
Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues Melanne Verveer Office of Global Women’s Issues
Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom Suzan Johnson Cook Office of International Religious Freedom
Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues Stephen Rapp Office of Global Criminal Justice
Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Luis CdeBaca Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons

Ambassadors to past countries [edit]

Other senior diplomatic representatives [edit]

Senior diplomatic representatives of the United States to posts other than embassies:

Host country Ambassador Title
Curaçao Valerie Belon Consul General and Chief of Mission
Hong Kong and Macau Stephen M. Young Consul General and Chief of Mission
Jerusalem Daniel Rubinstein Consul General and Chief of Mission
Taiwan Christopher J. Marut Director of the Taipei office of the American Institute in Taiwan
Cuba John Caulfield Chief of Mission, United States Interests Section in Havana

Selected past ambassadors [edit]

Well-known past ambassadors from the United States

Ambassadors killed in office [edit]

Eight United States Ambassadors have been killed in office, six of them by armed attack and the other two in plane crashes.[32]

Name Ambassador to Place of death Date of death Killed by
Laurence A. Steinhardt Canada Ramsayville, Ontario, Canada 01950-03-28March 28, 1950 plane crash
John Gordon Mein Guatemala Guatemala City, Guatemala 01968-08-28August 28, 1968 attack by Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes
Cleo A. Noel, Jr. Sudan Khartoum, Sudan 01973-03-02March 2, 1973 attack by Black September
Rodger Davies Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus 01974-08-19August 19, 1974 attack during Greek Cypriot demonstration
Francis E. Meloy, Jr. Lebanon Beirut, Lebanon 01976-06-16June 16, 1976 attack by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Adolph Dubs Afghanistan Kabul, Afghanistan 01979-02-14February 14, 1979 attack by Setami Milli
Arnold L. Raphel Pakistan Bahawalpur, Pakistan 01988-08-17August 17, 1988 plane crash
J. Christopher Stevens Libya Benghazi, Libya 02012-09-11September 11, 2012 attack on a U.S. diplomatic mission

Nations without exchange of ambassadors [edit]

Bhutan - According to the United States Department of State, "The United States and the Kingdom of Bhutan have not established formal diplomatic relations; however, the two governments have informal and cordial relations."[33] Informal contact with the nation of Bhutan is maintained through the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi.[33]

Cuba - Although the island country of Cuba is a close neighbor to the United States, the U.S. interacts with Cuba only via a U.S. Interests office at the Swiss Embassy in Havana and Washington, D.C.[34] The U.S. broke diplomatic relations with Cuba on January 3, 1961.[34]

Iran - On April 7, 1980, the United States broke diplomatic relations with theocratic Iran.[35] On April 24, 1981, the Swiss government assumed representation of U.S. interests in Tehran, and Algeria assumed representation of Iranian interests in the U.S.[36] Currently, Iranian interests in the United States are represented by the government of Pakistan. The U.S. Department of State named Iran a "State Sponsor of Terrorism" on January 19, 1984.[37]

North Korea - The communist dictatorship of North Korea is not on friendly terms with the U.S. and while talks between the two countries are ongoing, there is no exchange of ambassadors. Sweden functions as Protective Power for the United States including consular responsibility for U.S. citizens[1].

Taiwan - With the normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China in 1979, the U.S. does not maintain official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Relations between Taiwan and the United States are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office, with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington, D.C., and 12 other U.S. cities. The Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan functions as a de facto embassy, performing most consular functions and staffed by U.S. Foreign Service Officers formally "on leave".

See also [edit]

Portal icon United States portal
Portal icon International relations portal

Notes and references [edit]

  1. ^ U.S. Senate – Powers & Procedure Senate.gov Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  2. ^ Henry B. Hogue. "Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Retrieved 2012-05-25. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g The United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean, resident in Bridgetown, Barbados, is concurrently accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
  4. ^ In 1989 the military government of Burma changed the name of the nation to Myanmar, but the United States government—and other Western governments—still refer to the country as Burma in official usage. See Myanmar.
  5. ^ a b One ambassador—resident at Antananarivo—is accredited to Madagascar and Comoros.
  6. ^ The United States does not currently maintain diplomatic relations with Cuba. U.S. interests in Cuba are handled by the U.S. Interests section of the Embassy of Switzerland in Havana.
  7. ^ The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not recognized by the United Nations, the United States, nor any other country aside from Turkey.
  8. ^ a b c d e One ambassador—resident at Suva—is accredited to Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, and Tuvalu. Source U.S. Embassy Suva.
  9. ^ a b As of December 2006, the U.S. ambassador to France is also accredited to Monaco.
  10. ^ a b One ambassador—resident at Libreville—is accredited to Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe. Source: U.S. State Department
  11. ^ a b One ambassador—resident at Dakar—is accredited to Guinea-Bissau and Senegal.
  12. ^ The United States does not currently maintain diplomatic relations with Iran. U.S. interests in Iran are handled by the U.S. Interests section of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran.
  13. ^ a b The U.S. Ambassador to Rome is also accredited to San Marino. The U.S. Consulate in Florence handles matters concerned with San Marino.
  14. ^ The United States does not currently maintain diplomatic relations with North Korea. American citizens who travel to North Korea do so at their own risk and in some cases in violation of U.S. and/or UN sanctions.
  15. ^ a b One ambassador—resident at Bern—is accredited to Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
  16. ^ a b One ambassador—resident at Colombo—is accredited to Maldives and Sri Lanka.
  17. ^ a b One ambassador—resident at Port Louis—is accredited to Mauritius and Seychelles.
  18. ^ Until December 2006, the United States and Monaco had no formal diplomatic relations (exchange of ambassadors). The U.S. Consul General in Marseille, France, under the authority of the U.S. Ambassador to France, managed relations with Monaco. In December 2006, the United States and Monaco upgraded from consular to full diplomatic relations and Ambassador Craig Stapleton (France) was accredited to Monaco. Source: Department of State: Background notes on Monaco, U.S. Embassy in France: U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Monaco.
  19. ^ a b One ambassador—resident at Wellington—is accredited to New Zealand and Samoa.
  20. ^ a b Until 2005 one ambassador—resident at Manila—was accredited to the Philippines and Palau. Source: CIA World Factbook. Helen Reed-Rowe is the first ambassador to Palau to be confirmed in 2010.
  21. ^ a b c One ambassador—resident at Port Moresby—is accredited to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.
  22. ^ The United States does not recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, nor does the US recognize Moroccan claims to sovereignty over Western Sahara. Sources: Western Sahara, Foreign relations of Western Sahara, Foreign relations of Morocco.
  23. ^ The United States has no diplomatic relations with Somalia. The last ambassador to Somalia was James Keough Bishop when the embassy in Mogadishu was closed on January 5, 1991. Source: U.S State Department.
  24. ^ "Virtual Presence Post Somalia". 
  25. ^ Abkhazia and South Ossetia are not recognized by the United Nations, the United States, nor any other countries aside from Russia, Nicaragua and Venezuela.
  26. ^ The U.S. Ambassador to Spain—resident at Madrid—is also accredited to Andorra.
  27. ^ The U.S. Embassy in Khartoum was closed on February 7, 1996. Timothy Michael Carney was the last ambassador to Sudan. The embassy was reopened on May 23, 2002, with Jeffrey Millington as Chargé d’Affaires ad interim. There has been no U.S. ambassador in Khartoum since then. Source U.S. Department of State.
  28. ^ Ambassador Margaret Scobey was recalled February 2005 in protest of Rafik Hariri assassination. Ref: U.S. Department of State press release, Background notes on Syria, BBC News. Ambassador Scobey has since been reassigned as the ambassador to Egypt.
  29. ^ The United States established relations with the People's Republic of China in 1979. Since then, relations between the US and Taiwan are carried out by the American Institute in Taiwan in Taipei.
  30. ^ The ambassador to the U.K. is known as the "Ambassador to the Court of St. James's."
  31. ^ President Chavez ordered the expulsion of the U.S. Ambassador, John Duddy, on September 11, 2008 in solidarity with the Bolivian government's decision to expel the U.S. Ambassador in La Paz. The U.S. Government ordered the reciprocal expulsion of the Venezuelan Ambassador in Washington. Source: U.S. Department of State Background Notes on Venezuela
  32. ^ "US Ambassadors Killed in the Line of Duty". Associated Press. 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-09-12. 
  33. ^ a b "Bhutan (08/04)". United States Department of State. 
  34. ^ a b May, Donald (January 17, 1961). "U.S. Halts Tourist Travel to Cuba; Special Permit Required for Visit". The Washington Post. p. A1. 
  35. ^ Goshko, John M.; Walsh, Edward (April 8, 1980). "U.S. Breaks Diplomatic Ties With Iran: Carter Breaks Ties, Orders Ouster of Iranian Diplomats". The Washington Post. p. A1. 
  36. ^ "Former No. 2 Iran Diplomat To Be Allowed Back in U.S.". The Washington Post. April 25, 1980. p. A27. 
  37. ^ "Chapter 3 - State Sponsors of Terrorism Overview". State.gov. Retrieved 2011-09-04. 

External links [edit]

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