American History X

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American History X
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Tony Kaye
Produced by	Steve Tisch Jon Hess
Written by	David McKenna
Starring	Edward Norton Edward Furlong Beverly D'Angelo Avery Brooks Stacy Keach
Music by	Anne Dudley
Cinematography	Tony Kaye
Editing by	Jerry Greenberg Alan Heim
Distributed by	New Line Cinema
Release date(s)	October 30, 1998
Running time	119 min.
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$10 million
Gross revenue	$23,875,127
Official website
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile

American History X is an Academy Award-nominated 1998 drama film directed by Tony Kaye. It features Edward Norton, Edward Furlong, Beverly D'Angelo, Jennifer Lien, Ethan Suplee, Fairuza Balk, Avery Brooks, Elliott Gould, Stacy Keach, Guy Torry, and William Russ. Norton was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance.

Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Controversy 4 Film prints 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Synopsis

The film tells the story of Derek Vinyard (Edward Norton) and Danny Vinyard (Edward Furlong) of Venice Beach, Los Angeles. Both are extremely bright and charismatic students, but are drawn into the Neo-Nazi underground after their father is killed by a black drug dealer while trying to put out a fire at a suspected drug den. This story tells how Danny is influenced by his older brother's actions.

In the opening scene, we see a young white supremacist by the name of Danny Vinyard (Edward Furlong) sitting in the principals office, waiting to be summoned. As we move into the office, we hear and see Danny's history teacher explaining to the principal, Dr. Sweeney (Avery Brooks), that Danny wrote a book report on Mein Kampf, a book detailing Hitler and his memoirs. The teacher tells Dr. Sweeney that he is offended by Danny's gesture and he wants to see him punished. Instead, Sweeney asks the teacher to leave and asks Danny to step in. American flag toothpick in mouth, Danny steps into the office and sits down. Dr. Sweeney begins yelling at Danny, telling him that writing what he did is offensive and he only did it because his brother influenced him in that way. Sweeney wins tells him that he is now his new history teacher. The class is called American History X and the next assignment is due tomorrow morning; a paper on his brother, Derek (Edward Norton). After this, Danny walks out. The next scene opens with three black boys beating up a white boy for telling the teacher that one of them cheated. Suddenly, Danny appears out of one of the stalls and blows the smoke from his cigarette into one of the boy's face. The boys leave, Danny helps the white kid from the ground and tells him that he needs to learn to stand up for himself and they leave. Soon we see Danny walking home from school through a park where some black boys are playing basketball. One of the players is a boy from earlier in the bathroom. Danny's voice begins to narrate the scene. Danny says, "Before Derek went to jail, the white kids didn't have to be afraid of the black kids. Derek made it safe." ^[1]

The next scenes are flashbacks explaining Derek's journey from a suburban white teenager to a vengeance-seeking white supremacist. Derek had already been influenced by his father's critical views on African American culture and affirmative action (his father refers to it as "affirmative black-tion") and also how he doesn't trust two African-Americans on his squad who scored lower on a hiring test than two whites. He believes they were hired as a result of affirmative action in order to maintain racial equality.

Eventually Derek becomes second-in-command of the Venice Beach Neo-Nazi gang. This gang was called "The Disciples of Christ", and enticed young whites to join by promising protection from predominantly minority gangs who are prominent in the area. The gang is masterminded by an aging, manipulative neo-Nazi leader named Cameron Alexander (Stacy Keach). Together, the gang would commit acts of intimidation such as damaging a store owned by a Korean-American for hiring illegal Mexican workers, or playing basketball with a group of black players to win the court to prevent black basketball players from gaining foot and territory on the courts.

One night, three black men drive up to the Vinyard house and start breaking into Derek's car. Derek's younger brother, Danny, (Edward Furlong) notices it and interrupts the passionate sex Derek is having with his neo-Nazi girlfriend Stacy (Fairuza Balk). Derek takes out a handgun, goes downstairs and shoots one of the men, killing him, and wounds a second. He then fires at the car one man is using to get away with. After recognizing the player from the game, Derek kills the wounded man by ordering him to place his mouth on the curb and then stomping on the back of his head (known as a "curb stomping"), effectively breaking his jaw and neck in revenge for the car jacking. Danny watched in horror and then witnessed his brother submitting to the police officers and smiling triumphantly as he is handcuffed and led away.

Derek is sentenced to prison after being charged with voluntary manslaughter. Danny states that if he had testified, Derek would have gotten life imprisonment because of the murder he caused. In prison, he joins the Aryan Brotherhood, for protection. During this time, his white supremacist gang, angry at many of Derek's actions (ironically, mostly due to his anger over the group's dealings with a Mexican gang), gang rape him during a group shower while the guard on duty turns a blind eye.

Meanwhile, Derek makes the acquaintance of a black inmate named Lamont with whom he works in the prison laundry room. Although Derek initially scorns Lamont, he gradually warms to him. Following the rape, he encounters his former teacher, the black Dr. Sweeney, and asks him for help after all the atrocities he has caused by his own hand. Sweeney (Avery Brooks), currently the school principal, also tells him of his younger brother Danny's aspirations of becoming a neo-Nazi just like Derek. Derek distances himself from the Aryan Brotherhood, and Lamont emerges as his only true friend. Just before Derek is released on parole, he realizes that only through Lamont's intervention did the black prison gangs leave him unharmed after the Brotherhood withdrew their protection.

Derek returns home to find that Danny has modeled his own life like Derek's pre-incarceration beliefs. After failing to convince Stacy to leave the gang, Derek visits his old neo-Nazi mentor, Cameron Alexander, and informs him that he'll no longer associate with him. He also tells him to stay away from Danny. When Cameron says that Danny needs him more than he needs Derek, Derek ferociously beats Cameron. He starts a confrontation when his friend Seth (Ethan Suplee) points a gun at him, feeling disgusted that Derek has betrayed the group. Derek restrains the gun from Seth's hand and points it at the angry crowd before running away from the party. Danny angrily confronts Derek. Derek tells him about his experiences in prison. The confession seems to prompt a change in Danny. They walk home and begin to change their ways, ripping down all their neo-Nazi posters and regalia on the bedroom wall. After showering, Derek looks at the swastika tattoo on his chest in shame and regret, and puts a hand over it.

The following morning at sunrise, Danny tells the end to his story. He says that he's never watched the sunrise before and he hopes that this paper is what Dr. Sweeney is looking for. Derek gets ready for his meeting with the probation officer and soon they leave together. Derek walks Danny to school before his meeting, and on their way they stop at a café. There, they meet up with Dr. Sweeney and a police officer. They tell Derek that Cameron and Seth Ryan were found last night after being jumped and they are now in the hospital. Dr. Sweeney and the cop both ask Derek if he knows anything about it and he swears he doesn't. Derek tells them that he has somewhere to go and that he's going to walk Danny to school before he goes. They set off on their way. As Derek is dropping him off, he staggers over words and finally says, "I'll see you at home." Danny departs for the front doors and Derek heads down the street. While he's walking, there is a sense the fear in Derek. At the same time, Danny enters the bathroom just before class starts. What Danny doesn't know is that the black boy from the day before is in the bathroom as well. When Danny finishes and turns around, he meets face to face with the kid. He raises a gun and shoots Danny a number of times in the chest and he falls to the ground.^[2]

Next we see Derek racing to the school. His worst fear is realized as he lays in the bathroom floor with his dead brother, Danny. He sits with him and holds his body close to his. The only words that can be heard between sobs are the remarks Derek is making to himself about what he's done.

The film ends with Danny narrating the conclusion of a paper about his brother he was assigned to write by Dr. Sweeney, in which he quotes the conclusion of Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address:

“

We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory... ...will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.[3]

”

[edit] Cast

• Edward Norton as Derek Vinyard
• Edward Furlong as Danny Vinyard
• Beverly D'Angelo as Doris Vinyard
• Avery Brooks as Dr. Bob Sweeney
• Jennifer Lien as Davina Vinyard
• Ethan Suplee as Seth Ryan
• Stacy Keach as Cameron Alexander
• Fairuza Balk as Stacey
• Elliot Gould as Murray
• Guy Torry as Lamont
• William Russ as Dennis Vinyard
• Joseph Cortese as Rasmussen

[edit] Controversy

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Controversy developed over the film when director Tony Kaye attempted to remove his name from the credits, preferring to use the pseudonym Alan Smithee. When this was refused he chose "Humpty Dumpty" as an alternative pseudonym, which in turn was also rejected. Kaye's reasoning for this was Edward Norton's re-editing of the film to (allegedly) give himself more screen time. The Director's Guild of America ultimately denied Kaye the right to remove his name from the production, reasoning that Kaye had placed ads in Variety attacking the film, thus violating Guild rules regarding the right to invoke the pseudonym. Kaye proceeded to sue the Directors Guild and New Line Cinema, claiming they had violated his First Amendment rights.

In an interview in October, 2007, Kaye said he was happy New Line did not let him take his name off of the film.

[edit] Film prints

After the film's initial release, no prints of the film were kept. It was not until 2007 that a new print was eventually made. The new print made its debut on June 8, 2007 at the Collins Road Theatres in Cedar Rapids, Iowa as part of a special midnight screening.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Official site