Amoebic gill disease
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a potentially fatal disease of some marine fish. It is caused by Neoparamoeba pemaguidensis and Neoparamoeba perurans, some of the most important amoebas in cultured fish. It primarily affects farm raised fish of the Salmonidae family, most notably affecting the Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) industry, costing the AU$230 million a year in treatments and lost productivity.[1] Turbot, bass, bream, sea urchins and crabs have also been infected.
The disease has also been reported affecting the commercial salmon fisheries of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, France, Spain, Ireland and Chile.[2] It was first diagnosed in the summer of 1984/1985 in populations of Atlantic Salmon off the east coast of Tasmania and was found to be caused by the Neoparamoeba perurans n.sp.[3]
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[edit] Clinical signs and diagnosis
Symptoms typically begin to appear two months after the fish are transferred from freshwater hatcheries to open net sea cages.[4] Symptoms include mucus build-up on the gills of infected fish and hyper-plastic lesions, causing white spots and eventual deterioration of the gill tissue. Fish will show signs of dyspnoea such as rapid opercular movements and lethargy.
Contributing factors are an ambient water temperature above 16 degrees Celsius, crowding and poor water circulation inside the sea pens.[5] Clinical cases are more common in the Summer. The lesions on the gills are highly suggestive of infection. Gill biopsies can be observed under the mciroscope for amoebas, or tested using fluorescent antibody testing.
[edit] Treatment and control
Currently, the most effective treatment is transferring the affected fish to a freshwater bath for a period of 2 to 3 hours. This is achieved by towing the sea cages into fresh water, or pumping the fish from the sea cage to a tarp filled with fresh water.[6] Mortality rates have been lowered by adding Levamisole to the water until the saturation is above 10ppm. Due to the difficulty and expense of treatment, the productivity of salmon aquaculture is limited by access to a source of fresh water. Chloramine and chlorine dioxide have also been used.
[edit] Notes
- ^ http://www.csiro.au/news/GillDisease.html
- ^ http://eafp.org/display/Search?searchQuery=amoebic+gill+disease&moduleId=2708303&moduleFilter=&categoryFilter=&startAt=0
- ^ . PMID 17561022.
- ^ http://eafp.org/display/Search?searchQuery=amoebic+gill+disease&moduleId=2708303&moduleFilter=&categoryFilter=&startAt=0
- ^ http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao/25/d025p023.pdf
- ^ http://eafp.org/display/Search?searchQuery=amoebic+gill+disease&moduleId=2708303&moduleFilter=&categoryFilter=&startAt=0
[edit] References
- Amoebic Gill Disease Wikivet. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
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