Amputation

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Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for such problems. A special case is the congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where foetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, amputation of the hands or feet is or was used as a form of punishment for people who committed crimes. Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment. Unlike some non-mammalian animals (such as lizards that shed their tails), once removed, human extremities do not grow back. A transplant or a prosthesis are the only options for recovering the loss.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins of the word 1.2 Overview 2 Types 3 Reasons for amputation 3.1 Circulatory disorders 3.2 Neoplasm 3.3 Trauma 3.4 Deformities 3.5 Infection 3.6 Other 4 Method 5 Self-amputation 6 After-effects 7 Notable amputees 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Origins of the word

The word amputation is derived from the Latin amputare, "to cut away", from ambi- ("about", "around") and putare ("to prune"). The Latin word has never been recorded in a surgical context, being reserved to indicate punishment for criminals. The English word "amputation" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words "extirpation" (16th century French texts tended to use extirper), "disarticulation," and "dismemberment" (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply "cutting", but by the end of the 17th century "amputation" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.

[edit] Overview

The history of amputation can be divided into a number of periods. Initially, limb loss was usually the result of trauma or 'nonsurgical' removal. This was followed by the hesitant beginnings of surgical intervention, mainly on gangrenous limbs or those already terribly damaged, which developed through to surgical amputations around the 15th century; the distinction is marked by the choice of the patient and the aim of saving a life and achieving a healed stump, despite the difficulties with infection and the lack of effective control for pain or blood loss. Improvements in surgical techniques were married with better haemorrhage control in the 19th century and in the 1840s with anaesthesia and around twenty years later efficient infection control. The 20th century noted marked improvements in surgical techniques and also a move to increasingly sophisticated prosthetic limbs.

[edit] Types

Types of amputation include:

• leg
  • amputation of digits
  • partial foot amputation (Chopart, Lisfranc, Ray)
  • ankle disarticulation (Syme,^[1] Pyrogoff)
  • below-knee amputation (transtibial e.g. Burgess, Kingsley Robinson)
  • knee-bearing amputation (knee disarticulation, e.g. Gritti or Gritti-Stokes)
  • above knee amputation (transfemoral)
  • Van-ness rotation/rotationplasty (Foot being turned around and reattached to allow the ankle joint to be used as a knee.)
  • hip disarticulation
  • hemipelvectomy/hindquarter amputation
• arm
  • amputation of digits
  • metacarpal amputation
  • wrist disarticulation
  • forearm amputation (transradial)
  • elbow disarticulation
  • above-elbow amputation (transhumeral)
  • shoulder disarticulation and forequarter amputation
  • Krukenberg procedure
• teeth
  • The avulsion of some teeth (mainly incisives) is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa).

Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, is the most radical amputation.

Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease.

As a rule, partial amputations are preferred to preserve joint function, but in oncological surgery, disarticulation is favored.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Reasons for amputation

[edit] Circulatory disorders

• Diabetic foot infection or gangrene (the most common reason for non-traumatic amputation)
• Sepsis with peripheral necrosis

[edit] Neoplasm

• Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. osteosarcoma, osteochondroma, fibrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma)
• Melanoma

[edit] Trauma

• Severe limb injuries in which the limb cannot be spared or attempts to spare the limb have failed
• Traumatic amputation (Amputation occurs usually at scene of accident, where the limb is partially or wholly severed). This would be the case of a trapped limb with no other way to extract without harm to other parts of the body.
• Amputation in utero (Amniotic band)
• Punishment/Torture (e.g. in some countries theft is prevented by the threat of amputation of a hand, although the practice is highly controversial and some Islamic authorities are calling for a moratorium upon it,^[2] pending developments in Islamic law.^[3])

[edit] Deformities

• Deformities of digits and/or limbs
• Extra digits and/or limbs (e.g. polydactyly)

[edit] Infection

• Bone infection (osteomyelitis)

[edit] Other

• Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance. Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance.^[4] Rugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed.^[5] NFL safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his pinky finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season.

[edit] Method

The first step is ligating the supplying artery and vein, to prevent hemorrhage. The muscles are transected, and finally the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis.

[edit] Self-amputation

In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated his own limb:

• In 2007, 66-year-old Al Hill amputated his leg below the knee using his pocketknife after the leg got stuck beneath a fallen tree he was cutting in California.^[6]
• In 2003, 27-year-old Aron Ralston amputated his forearm using his pocketknife and breaking and tearing the two bones, after the arm got stuck under a boulder when hiking in Utah.^[7]
• Also in 2003, an Australian coal miner amputated his own arm with a Stanley knife after it became trapped when the front-end loader he was driving overturned three kilometers underground.^[8]
• In the 1990s, a crab fisherman got his arm caught in the winch during a storm and had to amputate it at the shoulder, as reported in The New Englander.^{[citation needed]}

Even rarer are cases where self-amputation is performed for criminal or political purposes:

• About 50 people in Vernon, Florida, collected insurance claims for loss-of-limb accidents in the late 1950s and early 1960s; this was more than two-thirds of all such claims in the United States during that time.^[9][10]
• On March 7, 1998, Daniel Rudolph, the elder brother of the 1996 Olympics bomber Eric Robert Rudolph, videotaped himself cutting off one of his own hands with an electric saw in order to "send a message to the FBI and the media."^[11]

Body Integrity Identity Disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.

[edit] After-effects

The individual may experience psychological trauma as well as emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations.

A large proportion of amputees (50-80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs;^[12] they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome).

A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head.

In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis.

Another side-effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq war. [1]

[edit] Notable amputees

• Dave Allen—Irish comedian; lost his left index finger as a child.
• Rick Allen—drummer for the band Def Leppard; lost his left arm in a car accident.
• Walid bin 'Attash—member of Al-Qaeda; lost his right leg fighting the Northern Alliance in 1997.
• Douglas Bader—Royal Air Force fighter pilot during World War II; lost both legs performing low-flying aerobatics, but continued to fly and even engaged in escape attempts as a POW of the Germans.
• Lucien Bouchard—Canadian politician and Quebec nationalist; lost a leg to necrotizing fasciitis.
• Mariana Bridi da Costa—Brazilian model and beauty queen; suffered several amputations in a failed attempt to save her life. Died at age 20 on January 24, 2009 of septicemia resulting from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection that quickly spread throughout her body.
• Roberto Carlos—Brazilian singer; had the lower half of his left leg slashed off by a train wheel in his teenage years.
• Lars Grael—Brazilian windsurfing champion; his right leg was sliced off by a private boat's chopper engine in a sea accident.
• Wagner Montes—Brazilian journalist and politician; his motorbike crushed the lower half of his right leg against a lamppost.
• Ronald D. Castille—Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania State Supreme Court and former Philadelphia District Attorney; lost his leg in the Vietnam War.
• Max Cleland—former U.S. Senator; lost both legs and right forearm following injuries inflicted by a fellow soldier's grenade in the Vietnam War.
• Richard Collier—American Football Player; lost left leg after a shooting incident in Jacksonville, Florida.
• Denzil Connick the co-founder and secretary of the South Atlantic Medal Association formed in 1997. He served with 3 PARA during the 1982 Falklands War and lost a leg during the Battle of Mount Longdon.
• Dadullah—Taliban military commander; lost a leg fighting against Soviet occupation in the 1980s.
• James Doohan —Canadian actor, best known as "Scotty" on Star Trek; lost finger during D-Day landing.
• Dave Dravecky—Major League Baseball pitcher with the San Diego Padres and San Francisco Giants; lost left arm to cancer complications.
• Tammy Duckworth—American politician; lost both legs in the Iraq War.
• Graham Edwards—Australian politician; lost both legs in the Vietnam War.
• Rahm Emanuel—U.S. Congressman; lost part of his finger to a meat slicer while an employee at Arby's as a teenager.
• Terry Fox—Canadian athlete and cancer treatment activist; lost a leg to cancer.
• Jerry Garcia—American folk-rock singer,musician, and founder of The Grateful Dead; lost 2/3 of his middle finger as a young child.
• Zach Gowen—American professional wrestler; lost a leg to cancer as a child.
• Bethany Hamilton—American surfer; lost an arm to a shark attack.
• Burkhard Heim—German theoretical physicist; lost both hands in a laboratory explosion.
• Lord Uxbridge—British; lost his leg during the Battle of Waterloo
• Kenny Hotz—Canadian; as a child, lost the tip of his right index finger in a bicycle accident.
• Daniel Ken Inouye—Medal of Honor recipient, U.S. Senator; World War II war hero; lost his right arm due to battle wounds.
• Tony Iommi—guitarist for Black Sabbath; lost the tips of middle and ring fingers in an industrial accident at 17.
• Stonewall Jackson—Confederate general during the American Civil War; had his left arm amputated by Dr. Hunter McGuire on May 2, 1863 only to die eight days later on May 10, 1863.
• Matthias Lanzinger—Austrian Alpine skier; lost leg after fracturing his shin and fibula during a World Cup Super-G run at Kvitfjell, Norway.
• Bruce Marshall—Scottish novelist and author; lost leg as a result of wounds suffered in WWI.
• Heather Mills—ex-wife of former Beatle Paul McCartney as well as an activist and former model; lost left leg six inches below the kneecap in an accident where she was hit by a police motorcycle.
• Aimee Mullins—American model and athlete; lost both legs due to congenital disease.
• Oscar Pistorius—South African sprinter; lost both legs due to a congenital disorder.
• Daniel Scioli—Argentine politician; lost right arm during a boat race.
• Darío Silva—Uruguayan footballer; lost his right leg after a car accident.
• Deke Slayton—Mercury Seven astronaut; lost a finger as a child in a farming accident.
• Edward Teller — Physicist; lost his leg from the knee down after he jumped from a train station platform trying to catch a train.
• John Tester —U.S. Senator; as a child, lost the middle, index, and ring finger on his left hand in an accident while working with a meat grinder.
• Lee Van Cleef—actor; lost the tip of his middle finger while building a playhouse for his daughter, although there were rumors that it happened in a road accident or a bar fight.
• Pyotr Nikolayevich Vlasov—Russian photographer; lost his left thumb, index finger, and middle finger, as well as an inch of his right index finger, when dynamite exploded in his hands in the coal mine where he worked as a teenager during World War II.
• Alex Zanardi—Italian car racing driver; lost both legs in a CART car accident at Lausitzring then returned to race in the World Touring Car Championship.
• Horatio Nelson (England) British Naval commander during Napoleonic war. Lost right arm and eye during various sea battles. Defeated Villanueva during the Battle of Trafalgar.

[edit] See also

• Tourniquet
• Autotomy
• Amputee Soccer Championship, Central America
• Amputee fetishism
• Congenital amputation

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Amputation from Cooper's 1835 "Practice of Surgery"