Andrea Yates

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Andrea Yates
Born Andrea Pia Kennedy
Houston, Texas, United States
July 2, 1964 (1964-07-02) (age 47)
Spouse Russell Yates (divorced, 2004)
Children Noah, b. February 26, 1994 (aged 7 at death)
John, b. December 15, 1995 (aged 5 at death)
Paul, b. September 13, 1997 (aged 3 at death)
Luke, b. February 15, 1999 (aged 2 at death)
Mary, b. November 30, 2000 (aged 6 months at death)

All children deceased June 20, 2001

Andrea Yates (born Andrea Pia Kennedy on July 2, 1964) is a former Houston, Texas resident who killed her five children on June 20, 2001 by drowning them in the bathtub in her house.[1] She had been suffering for some time with very severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Her case placed the M'Naghten Rules, a legal test for sanity, under close public scrutiny in the United States.[2] Yates's 2002 conviction of capital murder and sentence to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 40 years was later overturned on appeal. [3]

On July 26, 2006, a Texas jury found that Yates was not guilty by reason of insanity. She was consequently committed by the court to the North Texas State Hospital, Vernon Campus,[4] a high-security mental health facility in Vernon, Texas, where she received medical treatment and was a roommate of Dena Schlosser, another woman who committed filicide by killing her infant daughter. In January 2007, Yates was moved to a low security state mental hospital in Kerrville, Texas.[5]

Contents

[edit] Overview

Andrea Yates was born in Houston to Jutta Karin Koehler, a German immigrant, and Andrew Emmett Kennedy, whose parents were born in Ireland. She is the youngest of five children and was raised in a Catholic household. She graduated from Milby High School in Houston in 1982. She was the class valedictorian, captain of the swim team, and an officer in the National Honor Society.[6] She completed a two-year pre-nursing program at the University of Houston and then graduated in 1986 from the University of Texas School of Nursing in Houston. She worked as a registered nurse at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1986 until 1994. In the summer of 1989, she met Russell “Rusty” Yates at the Sunscape Apartments in Houston, Texas, two months her junior. They soon moved in together and got married on April 17, 1993,[7] and they announced that they "would seek to have as many babies as nature allowed". Afterwards, they bought a four-bedroom house in the town of Friendswood. Following the birth of their son Noah, in February 1994, Rusty accepted a job offer in Florida, so they moved there and lived in a small trailer in Seminole. After the birth of their third son, Paul, they moved back to Houston and bought a GMC motor home.[7]

Following the birth of Luke, her fourth son, Andrea became depressed. Her condition may have been brought on by the extremist sermons of Michael Peter Woroniecki, the preacher who sold them their bus. Her family was concerned by the way that she was so captivated by the minister’s words.[7]

On June 16, 1999, Rusty found Andrea shaking and chewing her fingers. The next day, she attempted to commit suicide by overdosing on pills. She was admitted to the hospital, and prescribed antidepressants. Soon after her release, she begged her husband to let her die as she held a knife up to her neck. Once again hospitalized, she was given a mixture of medications including Haldol, an anti-psychotic drug. Her condition improved immediately, and she was prescribed it on her release. After that, Rusty moved the family into a small house for the sake of her health. Things were going very well.[7] In July 1999, she succumbed to a nervous breakdown, which culminated in two suicide attempts and two psychiatric hospitalizations that summer. She was diagnosed with postpartum psychosis.[8]

Her first psychiatrist, Dr. Eileen Starbranch, testified that she urged the couple not to have more children, as it would "guarantee future psychotic depression". They conceived their fifth and final child approximately 7 weeks after her discharge.[9] She stopped taking the Haldol in March 2000 and gave birth to daughter Mary on November 30 of that year. She seemed to be coping well until the death of her father on March 12, 2001.[10]

She then stopped taking medication, mutilated herself, and read the Bible feverishly. She also stopped feeding Mary.[7] Yates became so incapacitated that she required immediate hospitalization. On April 1, 2001 she came under the care of Dr. Mohammed Saeed. She was treated and released. On May 3, 2001, she degenerated back into a "near catatonic" state and drew a bath in the middle of the day; she would later confess to police that she had planned to drown the children that day, but had decided against doing it then. She was hospitalized the next day after a scheduled doctor visit; her psychiatrist determined she was probably suicidal and had filled the tub to drown herself.[11] [10]

Yates continued under Dr. Saeed's care until June 20, 2001, when Rusty left for work, leaving her alone to watch the children against Dr. Saeed's instructions to supervise her around the clock.[12] Rusty's mother, Dora Yates, had been scheduled by him to arrive an hour later to take over for her. In the space of that hour, she drowned all five children.[13] She started with the youngest boys, and after drowning them in her bathtub, laid them in her bed. She then drowned Mary, who she left floating in the tub. Her oldest son, Noah, came in and asked what was wrong with Mary. He then ran, but she soon caught up with him and drowned him. She then left him floating in the tub and laid Mary in her brothers' arms. Afterwards, she called the police. Then she called Rusty, saying only “It’s time” repeatedly. [7]

[edit] Trials

Yates confessed to drowning her children. She told Dr. Michael Welner that she waited for Rusty to leave for work that morning before filling the bathtub because she knew he would have prevented her from harming the children.[14] After the killings, police found the family dog locked up; Rusty advised Welner that it had normally been allowed to run free, and was so when he had left the house that morning, leading the psychiatrist to conclude that she locked it in a cage to prevent it from interfering with her killing the children one by one.

Although the defense's expert testimony agreed that Yates was psychotic, Texas law requires that, in order to successfully assert the insanity defense, the defendant must prove that he or she could not discern right from wrong at the time of the crime. In March 2002, a jury rejected the insanity defense and found her guilty. Although the prosecution had sought the death penalty, the jury refused that option. The trial court sentenced her to life imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice with eligibility for parole in 40 years.[15]

On January 6, 2005, a Texas Court of Appeals reversed the convictions, because California psychiatrist and prosecution witness Dr. Park Dietz admitted he had given materially false testimony during the trial. Dietz stated that shortly before the killings, an episode of Law & Order had aired featuring a woman who drowned her children and was acquitted of murder by reason of insanity. Author Suzanne O'Malley, who was covering the trial for Oprah magazine and had previously been a writer for Law & Order, immediately reported that no such episode existed;[16][17] the appellate court held that the jury may have been influenced by his false testimony and that thus a new trial would be necessary.

On January 9, 2006, Yates again entered pleas of not guilty by reason of insanity. On February 1, 2006, she was granted release on bail on the condition that she be admitted to a mental health treatment facility.[18]

On July 26, 2006, after three days of deliberations, Yates was found not guilty by reason of insanity, as defined by the state of Texas. She was thereafter committed to the North Texas State Hospital - Vernon Campus.[19] In January 2007, Yates was moved to a low security state mental hospital in Kerrville, Texas.[5]

[edit] Responsibility for children's deaths

[edit] Andrea Yates

Although psychiatrists for both the Texas State prosecutors and Yates' defense lawyers agreed that she was severely mentally ill with one of several psychotic diseases at the time she killed her children,[20] the state of Texas asserted that she was by legal definition aware enough to judge her actions as right or wrong despite her mental defect. The prosecution further implied spousal-revenge as motive for the killings, despite the conclusion of defense experts that there was no evidence to support such a motive.[21] Although the original jury believed she was legally aware of her actions, they disagreed that her motive was spousal-revenge.[22] The jury in 2006 completely disagreed with the prosecution's assertions and her earlier conviction from 2002 was overturned.

Andrea was bulimic during her teenage years. She also suffered from depression and, at the age of seventeen, spoke to a friend about suicide.[23]

While in prison, Andrea stated she had considered killing the children for two years, adding that they thought she was not a good mother and claimed her sons were developing improperly. She told her jail psychiatrist: "It was the seventh deadly sin. My children weren't righteous. They stumbled because I was evil. The way I was raising them, they could never be saved. They were doomed to perish in the fires of hell."[24] She also told her jail psychiatrist that Satan influenced her children and made them more disobedient.[25]

[edit] Russell Yates

According to trial testimony in 2006, Dr. Saeed advised Rusty not to leave his patient unattended. However, he began leaving her alone with the children in the weeks leading up to the drownings for short periods of time hoping to improve her independence.[12] He had announced at a family gathering the weekend before the drownings that he had decided to leave her home alone for an hour each morning and evening, so that she would not become totally dependent on him and his mother for her maternal responsibilities.[26] Her brother, Brian Kennedy, told Larry King on a broadcast of CNN's Larry King Live that Rusty expressed to him in 2001 while transporting her to Devereux treatment facility that all depressed people needed was a "swift kick in the pants" to get them motivated.[27] Her mother, Jutta Karin Kennedy, expressed shock when she heard of Rusty's plan while at the gathering with them, saying that she wasn't stable enough to care for the children. She noted that her daughter demonstrated she wasn't in her right mind when she nearly choked her still-toothless infant daughter Mary by trying to feed her solid food.[28] According to authors Suzy Spencer and Suzanne O'Malley, who investigated her story in great detail, it was during a phone call Dr. Saeed made to Rusty during the breaking news of the killings that he first learned that she was not being supervised full time.[29]

Andrea's first psychiatrist, Dr. Eileen Starbranch, says she was shocked to disbelief when the Yateses expressed a desire to discontinue her medications so that she could become pregnant again during an office visit with them. She warned and counseled them against having more children, and noted in the medical record two days later, '"Apparently patient and husband plan to have as many babies as nature will allow! This will surely guarantee future psychotic depression."'[30] Nevertheless, she became pregnant with her fifth child, Mary, only 7 weeks after being discharged from Dr. Starbranch's care on January 12, 2000.[31] Despite Rusty's statements to the media that he was never told by psychiatrists that she was psychotic nor that she could harm her children, and that he would have never had more children had he known otherwise,[32][33][34] She revealed to her jail psychiatrist, Dr. Melissa Ferguson, that prior to their last child, "she had told Rusty that she did not want to have sex because Dr. Starbranch had said she might hurt her children." Rusty, she said, simply asserted his procreative religious beliefs, complimented her as a good mother, and persuaded her that she could handle more children.[35]

Author Suzanne O'Malley highlighted Russell Yates's continuing sense of unreality regarding having more children:

"During the trial, he'd successfully maintained the position that Andrea would be found innocent. He had fantasies of having more children with her after she was successfully treated in a mental health facility and released on the proper medication. He worked his way through various fixes for their damaged lives, such as a surrogate motherhood and adoption (horrifying Andrea's family, attorneys and Houston psychiatrists) before giving in to reality."[36]

[edit] Medical community

Rusty Yates contended that as a psychiatrist, Dr. Saeed was responsible for recognizing and properly treating his wife's psychosis, not a medically untrained person like himself.[37] He also claimed that, despite his urgings to check her medical records for prior treatment, Dr. Saeed had refused to continue her regimen of the antipsychotic Haldol, the treatment that had worked for her during her first breakdown in 1999.[38] He added that she was too sick to be released from her last stay in the hospital in May, 2001. He said he noticed the staff lower their heads as if in shame and embarrassment, turning away without saying a word. The hospital had no other choice due to the ten day psychiatric hospitalization insurance constraints of their provider, Blue Cross-Blue Shields, subcontracted by Magellan Health Services.[39][40]

[edit] Anti-depressants and homicidal ideation

Rusty and her birth family came to believe that a combination of antidepressants improperly prescribed by Dr. Saeed in the days before the tragedy was responsible for Andrea's violent, psychotic behavior.[41][42] According to Dr. Moira Dolan, executive director of the Medical Accountability Network, "homicidal ideation" was added to the warning label of the antidepressant drug Effexor as a rare adverse event, in 2005. Yates, she said, had been taking 450 mg, twice the recommended maximum dose, for a month before killing her children. Dr. Dolan reviewed Yates's medical record at the request of Rusty.[43]

Dr. Lucy Puyear, an expert witness hired by Yates's defense team, countered their contention regarding the administration of her antidepressants, saying the dosages prescribed by Dr. Saeed are not uncommon in practice and had nothing at all to do with her reemergent psychosis. She suggested rather that her psychosis returned as a result of the Haldol having been discontinued by her doctor two weeks earlier.[41] The oral form of haloperidol (Haldol) takes 4–6 days after discontinuation to reach a terminal plasma level of under 1.5%—a medical standard for "complete" elimination of a drug from the body.[44]

[edit] Religious influences

Media outlets alleged that Michael Peter Woroniecki, a traveling preacher whom Rusty had met while attending Auburn University, bears some responsibility for the deaths due to his “fire and brimstone” message and certain teachings found in his newsletter “The Perilous Times” that they had received on occasion and which was entered into evidence at the trial.[45][46][47][48][49][50][51] However, both Rusty and Michael Woroniecki reject these accusations.[52][53][54] Rusty said that his family’s relationship with the Woronieckis was not that close and that Woroniecki did not cause her delusions.[53][55] Woroniecki maintained that his correspondence with them was with the intention of helping them strengthen their marriage and find the love that he says his own family had found in Jesus.[45][54][54][56][57][58] Both men agreed that the alleged connection between his message and her mental state was “nothing more than media created fiction”.[53] The adherence of the Yates family to the principles of the Quiverfull lifestyle, which encourages couples to have many children, has been posited as a factor contributing to the mental and emotional stress that she experienced. Some sources have suggested the lack of community may have contributed to her isolation.[59]

The reason for the killings was unknown.

[edit] Popular culture

  • The ABC-TV show Desperate Housewives was partly inspired by the Yates drownings, according to creator Marc Cherry.[60]
  • The Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode "Magnificat" was based on the Yates case.
  • The 2008 film Baby Blues (AKA Cradle may Fall in U.K.) is based on the killings,[citation needed] although the story is largely changed from the true events.
  • On his song "World Gone Crazy", rapper Aaron Yates (AKA "Tech N9ne") references his last name being the same, and also references a woman drowning her babies in the lyrics: "Sick mothers drowning they babies" & "Why I got the same last name as Andrea?"
  • A song by the band Trivium, entitled "Entrance of the Conflagration", deals with the drownings, and is mostly based on Andrea Yates' testimony.
  • The TV documentary series, American Justice, has an episode about the case.
  • In the 2008 Bollywood film, U, Me aur Hum, there is a scene where Kajol plays the role of a patient suffering from Alzheimer's, who leaves her baby in the bath tub with the tap running while her husband is away. This has been inspired by Andrea's case.[citation needed]
  • In 2009, the Andrea Yates incident and its aftermath was adapted by playwright Douglas M. Parker into the play Thicker Than Water.

[edit] References

  • Bienstock, Sheri L. Mothers Who Kill Their Children and Postpartum Psychosis, (2003) Vol. 32, No. 3 Southwestern University Law Review, 451.
  • Keram, The Insanity Defense and Game Theory: Reflections on Texas v.Yates, (2002) Vol. 30, No. 4 Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 470.
  • O'Malley, Suzanne, "Are You There Alone?:" The Unspeakable Crime of Andrea Yates ISBN 0-7434-6629-2, See also author website
  • Spencer, Breaking Point ISBN 0-312-93871-3, See also author website
  • Vatz,R.E. “Will Justice Be Served on Andrea Yates?” (March, 2005) USA Today magazine

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Spitz, D.J. (2006): Investigation of Bodies in Water. In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition), Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 846-881; Springfield, Illinois.
  2. ^ Aaron Brown,CNN Newsnight with Aaron Brown, Feb. 20, 2002 Transcript; Suzanne O'Malley, Are You Alone? The Unspeakable Crime of Andrea Yates, Simon & Schuster, c. 2004, p.117, 118, 170, 240
  3. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6794098/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/convictions-overturned-mom-who-drowned-kids/
  4. ^ Not Guilty Verdict for Andrea Yates; Missing Girl's Body Found in Utah; Nancy Grace; CNN; July 26, 2006
  5. ^ a b KTRK-News, Houston, January 26, 2007
  6. ^ [1], Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy
  7. ^ a b c d e f http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00803/Yates_Frameset.htm
  8. ^ McLellan, Faith (2 December 2006). "Mental health and justice: the case of Andrea Yates". The Lancet (Amsterdam: Elsevier) 368 (9551): 1951–1954. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69789-4. PMID 17146865. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673606697894/fulltext. Retrieved 2008-04-10. 
  9. ^ Doctor: I Warned Andrea Yates Not to Have Any More Children. Fox News Channel. July 7, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  10. ^ a b http://crime.about.com/od/current/p/andreayates.htm
  11. ^ Suzanne O'Malley, Are You There Alone?, p. 20
  12. ^ a b Yates not Grossly Psychotic before Drownings Dietz testifies; Dale Lezon; Houston Chronicle; July 13, 2006
  13. ^ Brother: Yates thought drownings `best thing' / He says sister felt she was a bad mom; RUTH RENDON; Houston Chronicle; July 14, 2001
  14. ^ Dr. Michael Welner, who examined her, lists 68 reasons she knew right from wrong
  15. ^ Andrea Yates: More To The Story Time By Timothy Roche March 18, 2002
  16. ^ '"Law & Order'saved Yates," New York Post, Friday, March 22, 2002, p10
  17. ^ Later, in 2004, Law & Order: Criminal Intent did air the episode "Magnificat", based in part on Yates's case.
  18. ^ Psychiatrist: Yates Thought Drownings Were Right July 19, 2006
  19. ^ Brown, Angela K. (2006-07-26). "Jury finds Yates not guilty in drownings". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/nation/4074127.html. Retrieved 2006-07-26. [dead link]
  20. ^ O'Malley, p. 143-145,175,177,236
  21. ^ Anne Belli Gesalman, Psychosis Or Vengeance? Newsweek, Mar. 7, 2002 Article; O'Malley, p. 146
  22. ^ O'Malley, p. 217
  23. ^ O'Malley, p. 78
  24. ^ Christian, Carol; Lisa Teachy (2002-03-06). "Yates Believed Children Doomed". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/drownings/1268306.html. Retrieved 2006-07-26. [dead link]
  25. ^ O'Malley, p. 194
  26. ^ Suzy Spencer, Breaking Point, p. 300
  27. ^ CNN-Larry King Live, January 16, 2005 Transcript
  28. ^ Cynthia Hunt, "Andrea Yates' Mother Recalls Conversation Days before Drownings," KTRK News, Houston, 3/18/2002 [2]
  29. ^ Spencer, p. 18; O'Malley, p. 23
  30. ^ O'Malley, p. 41; Yates' husband takes stand, CBS News, Feb. 26, 2002 Article
  31. ^ Yates Timeline, Houston Chronicle, January 6, 2005 Timeline
  32. ^ "'If I'd known she was psychotic, we'd never have even considered having more kids,' she told the Dallas Observer." Terri Langford, Rusty Yates' actions puzzle acquaintance, Houston Chronicle, June 15, 2006 Article
  33. ^ Carlton Stowers, Tracks of His Tears, Dallas Observer, January 23, 2003 Article
  34. ^ Laura Parker, Rusty Yates 'didn't know' wife was psychotic, USA Today, Mar. 18, 2002 Article
  35. ^ A few months before 11/6/01, she had recalled that prior to Mary’s birth, she had told him that she did not want to have sex because Dr. Starbranch had said she might hurt her children. He had said, “The Lord tells us to go forth and multiply. You’re a good mother. You can handle more children.” After recounting this, she asked Dr. Ferguson, “Did I do the right thing?” [Interview of Melissa Ferguson, M.D., 11/6/01.] Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation, Park Dietz, Feb. 25, 2002
  36. ^ O'Malley, p. 246
  37. ^ "My God, we went -- I couldn't see this. We went to a doctor two days before this happened. I mean, we went -- the children passed away on June 20. We went to a doctor on June 18. He's a trained professional who is supposed to be able to recognize these kinds of things. I'm not. I'm just a guy. So..."; CNN Larry King Live, Interview with Rusty Yates, Aired March 18, 2002 Transcript
  38. ^ "The real question to me is: How could she have been so ill and the medical community not diagnose her, not treat her, and obviously not protect our family from her."..."Rusty testified that he never knew that Andrea had visions and voices; he said he never knew she had considered killing the children. Neither did Dr. Saeed, even though the delusions could have been found in medical records from 1999...he reluctantly prescribed Haldol, the same drug that worked in a drug cocktail for her in 1999. But after a few weeks, he took her off the drug, citing his concerns about side effects...though her condition seemed to be worsening two days before the drownings, when Rusty drove her to Dr. Saeed's office, he testified, the doctor refused to try Haldol longer or return her to the hospital." Andrea Yates, More to the Story, Timothy Roche, Time Magazine, March 18, 2002 Article pp.1,3
  39. ^ Spencer, p. 119
  40. ^ O'Malley, p. 23
  41. ^ a b Carol Christian, 'Harmful treatment' Family files complaint against Andrea Yates' psychiatrist, Houston Chronicle, Apr. 11, 2002 Article
  42. ^ "Andrea was on 450 mg of Effexor, among other medications, and was in Rusty's opinion, severely overmedicated."..."The psychiatrist said he would reduce the Effexor from 450 mg to 300 mg. He protested and quoted his own extensive research on the antidepressant. He said he read it shouldn't be reduced by more than 75 mg every three or four days, not 150 mg in one day." Suzy Spencer, Breaking Point, St. Martin's Press, c. 2002, p.119,120
  43. ^ "Yates had been prescribed Effexor in varying doses since shortly after her first suicide attempt in 1999, said Dolan, who reviewed her medical records after her first trial at the request of Rusty. A month before the killings, her daily dose had increased to 450 milligrams, twice the recommended maximum dose, Dolan said." Angela K. Brown, Group warns of drug she took before deaths, Houston Chronicle, July 10, 2006 Article
  44. ^ Haldol Data Sheet; Half life drug standard
  45. ^ a b "I Shared Jesus With Them". Good Morning America (New York: ABC News). 2002-03-27. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=126222&page=1. Retrieved 10 March 2010. 
  46. ^ Gesalman, Anne Belli (2002-03-18). "Examining a spiritual leader's influence". Newsweek: pp. 8. 
  47. ^ World Net Daily, Beware of Poisonous Preachers Mar. 23, 2002
  48. ^ Lost in the Message? Lisa Teachy, Houston Chronicle, April 5, 2002 Article "Shortly after Satan's first appearance at her capital murder trial, many observers began blaming the tragedy on a traveling evangelist they once admired. Television networks flashed images of the proselytizing preacher in a devil costume to accompany their coverage of the trial -- linking Michael Woroniecki to her confession that she killed her children to save their souls."
  49. ^ In the aftermath of her 2006 retrial and insanity verdict, host Chris Cuomo reported on ABC Primetime that: "[Andrea Yates'] delusions were fueled by the extreme religious beliefs of a bizarre, itinerant street preacher named Michael Woroniecki ..."; Chris Cuomo, "Primetime, Insanity Verdict, Insanity Defense. Secrets and Lies: The American Imposter, The American Imposter Tells All", ABC Primetime, July 27, 2006 Order Transcript See also:ABC Article of Telecast
  50. ^ Doug Saunders, Globe and Mail, Toronto Canada, Mar. 14, 2002 Article
  51. ^ "Her life was also distinguished by religious obsession and a steadfast devotion to tales of sin and Scripture, a 'repent-or-burn zeal' that led her to believe she was a bad mother with ruined offspring. According to her, she killed her children to save them from Satan and her own evil maternal influences, delusions that did little to help her defense because they fueled her own desire for punishment." Deborah W. Denno, WHO IS ANDREA YATES? A SHORT STORY ABOUT INSANITY, Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy, Vol. 10, Summer, 2003 Article
  52. ^ Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy, Volume 10:1, 2003 Apendix 1, Timeline of Andrea Yates Life and Trial "Archive"
  53. ^ a b c "Lost in the message? Cleric says he’s not to blame for Yates demons", Lisa Teachy, The Houston Chronicle, April 6, 2002 "Archive"
  54. ^ a b c ["They Needed Jesus", Steve Grinczel, The Grand Rapids Press, March 9, 2002 ]
  55. ^ Nichols, Bruce (2002-04-20). "Unrepentant in Yates tragedy". The Toronto Star. 
  56. ^ "Michael Woroniecki preaches Jesus not murder", Central Michigan Life, Heather Bellife, May 22, 2002 "Archive"
  57. ^ The Truth About Michael Woroniecki"Website"
  58. ^ Peter Jennings of World News Tonight reported that Rachel Woroniecki, in a letter, had told them that they needed to reconcile their marriage. Did the preacher see it coming?, World News Tonight, Peter Jennings, January 21, 2002
  59. ^ O'Malley, p. 67 Mesaros-Winckles, Christy (September 2010). "TLC and the fundamentalist family: a televised Quiverfull of babies". Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 22 (3). ISSN 1703-289X. "More research is needed to fully understand the stress this lifestyle can have on a woman's physical and psychological health. For instance, Andrea Yates, the Texas mother who received national attention in the United States for drowning her five children in a bathtub in the 2000s, is a perfect example of the mental and emotional strain the Quiverfull lifestyle can have on a woman. Few people realize she and Rusty subscribed to the movement's beliefs, and this places further emphasis on the need to highlight the ideology of this movement." 
  60. ^ Writer's Bio

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