Angika language
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| Angika | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| अङ्गिका, अंगिका | ||||||
| Spoken in | India, Nepal | |||||
| Region | Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal | |||||
| Native speakers | 740,892 (of whom approx. 725,000 in India, 15,892 in Nepal) (SIL) (date missing) | |||||
| Language family | ||||||
| Language codes | ||||||
| ISO 639-1 | bh (Bihari languages) | |||||
| ISO 639-2 | [[ISO639-3:anp|anp]] | |||||
| ISO 639-3 | anp | |||||
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Angika (Dev. अङ्गिका or अंगिका) is an Indo-Iranian language of the Anga region of India, a 58,000 km² area approx. that falls within the states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Besides India, Angika is also spoken in Tarai region of Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries. A sizeable Angika speaking population exists in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Gulf Countries. Angika is among very few languages of the world in which Google Search Engine is available to search the available web pages on the internet.[1]
Demand for inclusion of Angika language in the Eighth Schedule is pending with the Government. Article 351 of the Constitution of India provides that it shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily, on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.[2]
[edit] Speakers
Estimates of Angika speakers vary.[3][4] While SIL Ethnologue report puts the number of Angika speakers at 725,000 (in 1997), others claim that the number is as high as 3 to 4 Crore (30 to 40 million).[5][6][7][8][9]
[edit] History
Angika is considered as oldest dialect of Bangla family. According to Rahul Sankrityayan, the evidences of oldest form of written Angika literature are available in the Saraha’s Angika poetry of 800 A.D.[8]
Angika is considered very close to the Maithili language, and was classified by Sir George A. Grierson as a dialectal variant of it, which he termed as "Chikka-Chikki".[1] It has affinity to the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, such as Bengali, Oriya, and Assamese. It had been traditionally classified as a "Bihari languages," which includes Angika, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili, and Vajjika), though it has ancient history of being an independent language and dialect.[2]. The name Angika first appeared in the 1961 census.[3] Angika is highly intelligible with other Bihari languages.
Verbs in Angika are similar to those of Bengali. For example "dangaybey" in Angika is same as "daangabay" in Bengali , "kanay chhai" in Angika is same as "kaanchey" in Bengali etc. Angika , Maithili , Assamese , Bengali and Oriya and are sister languages. Similarity between these sister languages can be observed in the following sample sentence constructions. One common feature is that the sound ca appears at the end of a verb, for instance, hamma ja'ychhiye ("I am going") in Angika, ham ja'ychhi / ham ja'ychhiye in Maithili, ami jacchi in Bengali, mo ja'yche in Assamese, and mu ja'uchi in Oriya. Similarly, there is the sound la as the verb ending in the past tense; for example, for "I went": hamma ga'yliyay in Angika, ham ge'yliyay / ham gel rahee in Maithili, a'mi gela'm in Bengali, man galo in Assamese. Similarly, in the future tense, the va sound occurs as a verb ending; for example, hamma ja'ybow in Angika, ham jaybai / ham jaayab in Maithili, a'mi ja'bo in Bengali.
[edit] Writing System
Angika is commonly written in the Devanagari script, although in ancient period Anga Lipi and later on Kaithi were used historically.[1]
[edit] Alternate Names
Various alternate names for the language are used:
- Aangi,
- Angikar,
- Chheka-Chhiki,
- Chhai-chhow
- Bhagalpuri,
- Chekari.
[edit] Dialects
Dialects of Angika include:
- Deshi,
- Dakhnaha,
- Mungeria,
- Devgharia,
- Gidhhoria,
- Surjapuri, (spoken in Kishanganj District and Barsoi subdivison of Katihar District)
- Khortha, (spoken in North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand , Khortha is a blend of Bengali, Magahi and Angika)
- Dharampuria.
[edit] Demography / Current Use
- Eastern & North-Eastern Bihar
- Bhagalpur District, Katihar District, Purnia District, Banka District, Madhepura District, Jamui District,and Munger District.
- Jharkhand
- Sahebganj District, Godda District,and Deoghar District.
- West Bengal
- Malda District and Uttar Dinajpur district.
- Other South-East Asian countries
- Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and others: all well established.
- Elsewhere
- A large number of Angika speakers have migrated to the Persian Gulf, the United Kingdom , the United States, Canada and other countries. Also a substantial portion of the Angika-speaking population has settled elsewhere in India, mainly in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Baroda, Surat, Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Jamshedpur and Bokaro.
People of Anga region in Bihar (mainly from Bhagalpur) prefer to go to Kolkata for jobs/higher studies or other purposes because of socio-cultural affinity with West Bengal.
[edit] Google Search Engine in Angika
A Google Search Engine,[10] is available in Angika language which provides a rare distinct identity to this language. This Search Engine is available since the year 2003.
[edit] Angika cinema
The first Angika language film released on 27 April 2007 in Laxmi Talkies, Khagaria, Bihar. The name of this film is "Khagaria Vali Bhouji".[4] The first ever completed feature film of Angika Language, however, is "Khissa Chando Bihula Bishari Ke", which is still to be released. A new Angika film, "Ang Putra" has been released in April 2010. Angika folk singer Sunil Chailaa Bihari plays lead role in the film.[5]
[edit] Angika literature
Suman Soorow,Ashwini (Click Here), Permanand Pandey, Vidyabhushan Venu, Amrendra, , Khushilal Manjar, Vimal Vidrohi, Ram Sharma Anal, Naresh Pandey- 'Chakore', Kundan Amitabh, Abhaykant Choudhary, Shri Umesh Jee are among prominent scholars of Angika Language who have contributed lots in Angika Literature. Hundreds of standard literary books are available in angika language.
[edit] Grammatical comparison with other languages
- Angika shows a regular contrast for animates.[11]
[edit] Comparison of Common Words with Eastern Indian Languages/Dialects
| Angika | Hindi | Bhojpuri | Maithili | Magahi | Bajjika |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| हम्मॆ | मैं/हम | हम | हम | हम | हम |
| आपनॆ | आप | रउआ | अहाँ | अपने | अपने |
| हमरॊ | मेरा/हमारा | हमार | हम्मर | हमर | हम्मर |
[edit] Vote for Angika Wikipedia
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b "Angika.com". http://www.angika.com.
- ^ http://angikainparliament.rediffblogs.com/
- ^ The varying estimates arise from errors of enumerators /insufficient enumeration methodology during the Indian census. Whose mother tongue is Hindi, anyway?
- ^ ".speakers of a mother tongue low on the prestige hierarchy typically hesitate to assert that they speak a language distinct from a more prestigious one. For example, speakers of two mother tongues classified as ‘dialects’ of Hindi from Bihar — Angika and Bajjika – when asked to name their mother tongues, would, in nine cases out of ten, assert it to be Hindi "Managing Multilingual India, Ayesha Kidwai
- ^ "Straight Answers". Times of India. 12 April 2002. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7282418.cms?prtpage=1. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Lok Sabha Debate on 18 February 2003". angika.com. http://angikainparliament.rediffblogs.com/.
- ^ Sujay Rao Mandavilli. "Is It Time for India to Abandon Its Antiquated Rajbhasha Policy?". Language In India. http://www.languageinindia.com/jan2008/antiquatedrajbhasha.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Bhagalpur District Profile". District Planning Department, Bhagalpur. http://bhagalpur.bih.nic.in/UploadDocs/Comp._Dist_Profile%20%28GOI_UN%20Convergence%20Program%29.pdf. Retrieved 30 July 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "4 Crore Angika Speaking Population". http://bhagalpurcity.com/art&culture/coverstory_doctor_amarendra.html.
- ^ "Google – Angika". http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=bh.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=M49xnrM5BZwC&pg=PA221&dq=angika&hl=en&ei=UVUnTKewH5S2rAfNmdzYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQuwUwADgU#v=onepage&q=angika&f=true
[edit] External links
- Three Crores Angika Speaking Population
- History & development of Ang Desh and its Language Angika
- Ethnologue entry on Angika
- Google Search Engine in Angika Language
- Angika.com
- Srijangatha
- Angika Cinema
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