Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2
PDB rendering based on 1r42.
Available structures PDB 1R42, 1R4L, 1XJP, 2AJF, 3D0G, 3D0H, 3D0I, 3KBH
Identifiers
Symbols	ACE2; ACEH
External IDs	OMIM: 300335 MGI: 1917258 HomoloGene: 41448 GeneCards: ACE2 Gene
EC number	3.4.17.23
Gene Ontology Molecular function • viral receptor activity • glycoprotein binding • carboxypeptidase activity • carboxypeptidase activity • peptidase activity • metallopeptidase activity • peptidyl-dipeptidase activity • hydrolase activity • peptide hormone binding • peptide binding • metal ion binding Cellular component • extracellular region • extracellular space • membrane fraction • plasma membrane • cell surface • membrane • integral to membrane Biological process • angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior • regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin • proteolysis • proteolysis • metabolic process • response to virus • receptor biosynthetic process • virion attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	59272	70008
Ensembl	ENSG00000130234	ENSMUSG00000015405
UniProt	Q9BYF1	Q8R0I0
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_021804.2	NM_001130513.1
RefSeq (protein)	NP_068576.1	NP_001123985.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr X: 15.58 – 15.62 Mb	Chr X: 160.58 – 160.63 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an exopeptidase that catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the nonapeptide angiotensin[1-9]., or the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7. ACE 2 has direct effects on cardiac function, and is expressed predominantly in vascular endothelial cells of the heart and the kidneys.

ACE II is also receptor for SARS virus.

See also

• Renin-angiotensin system
• ACE inhibitors

Further reading

• Turner AJ, Tipnis SR, Guy JL, et al. (2002). "ACEH/ACE2 is a novel mammalian metallocarboxypeptidase and a homologue of angiotensin-converting enzyme insensitive to ACE inhibitors". Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 80 (4): 346–53. doi:10.1139/y02-021. PMID 12025971. 
• Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM (2004). "ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25 (6): 291–4. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.001. PMID 15165741. 
• Katovich MJ, Grobe JL, Huentelman M, Raizada MK (2005). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a novel target for gene therapy for hypertension". Exp. Physiol. 90 (3): 299–305. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2004.028522. PMID 15640278. 
• Ferrario CM, Trask AJ, Jessup JA (2006). "Advances in biochemical and functional roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in regulation of cardiovascular function". Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 289 (6): H2281–90. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2005. PMID 16055515. 
• Jia HP, Look DC, Hickey M, et al. (2006). Infection of Human Airway Epithelia by Sars Coronavirus is Associated with ACE2 Expression and Localization. "Infection of human airway epithelia by SARS coronavirus is associated with ACE2 expression and localization". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 581: 479–84. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_85. ISBN 978-0-387-26202-4. PMID 17037581. 
• Lazartigues E, Feng Y, Lavoie JL (2007). "The two fACEs of the tissue renin-angiotensin systems: implication in cardiovascular diseases". Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (12): 1231–45. doi:10.2174/138161207780618911. PMID 17504232. 
• Raizada MK, Ferreira AJ (2007). "ACE2: a new target for cardiovascular disease therapeutics". J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 50 (2): 112–9. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e3180986219. PMID 17703127. 
• Dean RG, Burrell LM (2007). "ACE2 and diabetic complications". Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (26): 2730–5. doi:10.2174/138161207781662876. PMID 17897017. 
• Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, et al. (2000). "A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (43): 33238–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002615200. PMID 10924499. 
• Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, et al. (2000). "A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9". Circ. Res. 87 (5): E1–9. PMID 10969042. 
• Vickers C, Hales P, Kaushik V, et al. (2002). "Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (17): 14838–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200581200. PMID 11815627. 
• Crackower MA, Sarao R, Oudit GY, et al. (2002). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function". Nature 417 (6891): 822–8. doi:10.1038/nature00786. PMID 12075344. 
• Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, Clark KL (2003). "Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme". FEBS Lett. 532 (1–2): 107–10. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03640-2. PMID 12459472. 
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139241. 
• Donoghue M, Wakimoto H, Maguire CT, et al. (2004). "Heart block, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death in ACE2 transgenic mice with downregulated connexins". J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 35 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1016/S0022-2828(03)00177-9. PMID 12967627. 
• Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, et al. (2003). "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment". Genome Res. 13 (10): 2265–70. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003. PMC 403697. PMID 12975309. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=403697. 
• Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al. (2003). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus". Nature 426 (6965): 450–4. doi:10.1038/nature02145. PMID 14647384. 
• Wong SK, Li W, Moore MJ, et al. (2004). "A 193-amino acid fragment of the SARS coronavirus S protein efficiently binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (5): 3197–201. doi:10.1074/jbc.C300520200. PMID 14670965. 
• Towler P, Staker B, Prasad SG, et al. (2004). "ACE2 X-ray structures reveal a large hinge-bending motion important for inhibitor binding and catalysis". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (17): 17996–8007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311191200. PMID 14754895.