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ApoCIII)
Apolipoprotein C-III is a very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) protein. APOC3 inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase; it is thought to inhibit hepatic uptake [1] of triglyceride-rich particles. The APOA1, APOC3 and APOA4 genes are closely linked in both rat and human genomes. The A-I and A-IV genes are transcribed from the same strand, while the A-1 and C-III genes are convergently transcribed. An increase in apoC-III levels induces the development of hypertriglyceridemia.
[edit] See also
Lately, two novel susceptibility haplotypes i.e. P2-S2-X1 and P1-S2-X1 have been discovered in ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster on chromosme 11q23, who confer approximately threefold higher risk of coronary heart disease in normal [2] as well as non-insulin diabetes mellitus.[3]
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ Mendivil CO, Zheng C, Furtado J, Lel J, Sacks FM (2009). "Metabolism of Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein and Low-Density Lipoprotein Containing Apolipoprotein C-III and Not Other Small Apolipoproteins". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. PMID 19910636.
- ^ Singh PP, Singh M, Kaur TP, Grewal SS (2007). "A novel haplotype in ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene region is detrimental to Northwest Indians with coronary heart disease". Int J Cardiol 130 (3): e93–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.07.029. PMID 17825930.
- ^ Singh PP, Singh M, Gaur S, Grewal SS (2007). "The ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster and its relation to lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease: determination of a novel susceptible haplotype.". Diab Vasc Dis Res 4 (2): 124–29. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2007.030. PMID 17654446.
[edit] Further reading
- von Eckardstein A, Holz H, Sandkamp M (1991). "Apolipoprotein C-III(Lys58—Glu). Identification of an apolipoprotein C-III variant in a family with hyperalphalipoproteinemia.". J. Clin. Invest. 87 (5): 1724–31. doi:10.1172/JCI115190. PMID 2022742.
- Karathanasis SK, Zannis VI, Breslow JL (1985). "Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones corresponding to two different human apoC-III alleles.". J. Lipid Res. 26 (4): 451–6. PMID 2989400.
- Karathanasis SK, Oettgen P, Haddad IA, Antonarakis SE (1986). "Structure, evolution, and polymorphisms of the human apolipoprotein A4 gene (APOA4).". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (22): 8457–61. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8457. PMID 3095836.
- Maeda H, Hashimoto RK, Ogura T (1988). "Molecular cloning of a human apoC-III variant: Thr 74—Ala 74 mutation prevents O-glycosylation.". J. Lipid Res. 28 (12): 1405–9. PMID 3123586.
- Karathanasis SK (1985). "Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein AI, CIII, and AIV genes.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (19): 6374–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.19.6374. PMID 3931073.
- Zannis VI, Cole FS, Jackson CL (1985). "Distribution of apolipoprotein A-I, C-II, C-III, and E mRNA in fetal human tissues. Time-dependent induction of apolipoprotein E mRNA by cultures of human monocyte-macrophages.". Biochemistry 24 (16): 4450–5. doi:10.1021/bi00337a028. PMID 3931677.
- Shelley CS, Sharpe CR, Baralle FE, Shoulders CC (1986). "Comparison of the human apolipoprotein genes. Apo AII presents a unique functional intron-exon junction.". J. Mol. Biol. 186 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(85)90255-4. PMID 3935800.
- Hospattankar AV, Brewer HB, Ronan R, Fairwell T (1986). "Amino acid sequence of human plasma apolipoprotein C-III from normolipidemic subjects.". FEBS Lett. 197 (1-2): 67–73. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80300-3. PMID 3949020.
- Brewer HB, Shulman R, Herbert P (1974). "The complete amino acid sequence of alanine apolipoprotein (apoC-3), and apolipoprotein from human plasma very low density lipoproteins.". J. Biol. Chem. 249 (15): 4975–84. PMID 4846755.
- Karathanasis SK, McPherson J, Zannis VI, Breslow JL (1983). "Linkage of human apolipoproteins A-I and C-III genes.". Nature 304 (5924): 371–3. doi:10.1038/304371a0. PMID 6308458.
- Sharpe CR, Sidoli A, Shelley CS (1984). "Human apolipoproteins AI, AII, CII and CIII. cDNA sequences and mRNA abundance.". Nucleic Acids Res. 12 (9): 3917–32. doi:10.1093/nar/12.9.3917. PMID 6328445.
- Law SW, Gray G, Brewer HB (1983). "cDNA cloning of human apoA-I: amino acid sequence of preproapoA-I.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 112 (1): 257–64. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(83)91824-7. PMID 6404278.
- Protter AA, Levy-Wilson B, Miller J (1985). "Isolation and sequence analysis of the human apolipoprotein CIII gene and the intergenic region between the apo AI and apo CIII genes.". DNA 3 (6): 449–56. PMID 6439535.
- Levy-Wilson B, Appleby V, Protter A (1985). "Isolation and DNA sequence of full-length cDNA for human preapolipoprotein CIII.". DNA 3 (5): 359–64. doi:10.1089/dna.1984.3.359. PMID 6548954.
- Dammerman M, Sandkuijl LA, Halaas JL (1993). "An apolipoprotein CIII haplotype protective against hypertriglyceridemia is specified by promoter and 3' untranslated region polymorphisms.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (10): 4562–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.10.4562. PMID 8099442.
- Wu JH, Kao JT, Wen MS, Lo SK (2000). "DNA polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein A1-CIII loci in Taiwanese: correlation of plasma APOCIII with triglyceride level and body mass index.". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 99 (5): 367–74. PMID 10870325.
- Geraci MW, Moore M, Gesell T (2001). "Gene expression patterns in the lungs of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: a gene microarray analysis.". Circ. Res. 88 (6): 555–62. PMID 11282888.
- Inoue Y, Miyazaki M, Tsuji T (2002). "Reactivation of liver-specific gene expression in an immortalized human hepatocyte cell line by introduction of the human HNF4alpha2 gene.". Int. J. Mol. Med. 8 (5): 481–7. PMID 11605014.
- Pastier D, Lacorte JM, Chambaz J (2002). "Two initiator-like elements are required for the combined activation of the human apolipoprotein C-III promoter by upstream stimulatory factor and hepatic nuclear factor-4.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (17): 15199–206. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200227200. PMID 11839757.
- Chhabra S, Narang R, Krishnan LR (Jun 2002). "Apolipoprotein C3 SstI polymorphism and triglyceride levels in Asian Indians.". BMC Genet. 3: 9. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-3-9. PMID 12052247. PMC 116591. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/3/9.
