Apolipoprotein C3

Apolipoprotein C-III
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 2JQ3
Identifiers
Symbols	APOC3; APOCIII; HALP2
External IDs	OMIM: 107720 MGI: 88055 HomoloGene: 81615 GeneCards: APOC3 Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • phospholipid binding • cholesterol binding • enzyme regulator activity • lipase inhibitor activity • high-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding Cellular component • extracellular region • extracellular space • early endosome • very-low-density lipoprotein particle • intermediate-density lipoprotein particle • spherical high-density lipoprotein particle • chylomicron Biological process • retinoid metabolic process • lipid metabolic process • triglyceride metabolic process • triglyceride mobilization • inflammatory response • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • response to nutrient • phototransduction, visible light • cholesterol metabolic process • negative regulation of triglyceride catabolic process • negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling • negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance • negative regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance • negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance • triglyceride catabolic process • regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction • cholesterol efflux • phospholipid efflux • high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling • very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly • chylomicron remnant clearance • lipoprotein metabolic process • response to drug • cholesterol homeostasis • lipoprotein transport • response to peptide hormone stimulus • reverse cholesterol transport • small molecule metabolic process • negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process • negative regulation of lipid metabolic process • negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis • negative regulation of lipid catabolic process • negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity • negative regulation of cholesterol import • triglyceride homeostasis Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	345	11814
Ensembl	ENSG00000110245	ENSMUSG00000032081
UniProt	P02656	P33622
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000040	NM_023114
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000031	NP_075603
Location (UCSC)	Chr 11: 116.7 – 116.7 Mb	Chr 9: 46.23 – 46.24 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Apo-CIII
Identifiers
Symbol	Apo-CIII
Pfam	PF05778
InterPro	IPR008403
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe PDBsum structure summary

Apolipoprotein C-III is a protein component of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). APOC3 inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase; it is thought to inhibit hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich particles. The APOA1, APOC3 and APOA4 genes are closely linked in both rat and human genomes. The A-I and A-IV genes are transcribed from the same strand, while the A-1 and C-III genes are convergently transcribed. An increase in apoC-III levels induces the development of hypertriglyceridemia.

Clinical significance

Two novel susceptibility haplotypes (specifically, P2-S2-X1 and P1-S2-X1) have been discovered in ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster on chromosome 11q23; these confer approximately threefold higher risk of coronary heart disease in normal as well as non-insulin diabetes mellitus.Apo-CIII delays the catabolism of triglyceride rich particles. Elevations of Apo-CIII found in genetic variation studies may predispose patients to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.

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Statin Pathway edit

See also

• Apolipoprotein C

External links

• Apolipoprotein C-III at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Further reading

• von Eckardstein A, Holz H, Sandkamp M (1991). "Apolipoprotein C-III(Lys58----Glu). Identification of an apolipoprotein C-III variant in a family with hyperalphalipoproteinemia". J. Clin. Invest. 87 (5): 1724–31. doi:10.1172/JCI115190. PMC 295277. PMID 2022742. 
• Karathanasis SK, Zannis VI, Breslow JL (1985). "Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones corresponding to two different human apoC-III alleles". J. Lipid Res. 26 (4): 451–6. PMID 2989400. 
• Karathanasis SK, Oettgen P, Haddad IA, Antonarakis SE (1986). "Structure, evolution, and polymorphisms of the human apolipoprotein A4 gene (APOA4)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (22): 8457–61. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8457. PMC 386949. PMID 3095836. 
• Maeda H, Hashimoto RK, Ogura T (1988). "Molecular cloning of a human apoC-III variant: Thr 74—Ala 74 mutation prevents O-glycosylation". J. Lipid Res. 28 (12): 1405–9. PMID 3123586. 
• Karathanasis SK (1985). "Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein AI, CIII, and AIV genes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (19): 6374–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.19.6374. PMC 390718. PMID 3931073. 
• Zannis VI, Cole FS, Jackson CL (1985). "Distribution of apolipoprotein A-I, C-II, C-III, and E mRNA in fetal human tissues. Time-dependent induction of apolipoprotein E mRNA by cultures of human monocyte-macrophages". Biochemistry 24 (16): 4450–5. doi:10.1021/bi00337a028. PMID 3931677. 
• Shelley CS, Sharpe CR, Baralle FE, Shoulders CC (1986). "Comparison of the human apolipoprotein genes. Apo AII presents a unique functional intron-exon junction". J. Mol. Biol. 186 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(85)90255-4. PMID 3935800. 
• Hospattankar AV, Brewer HB, Ronan R, Fairwell T (1986). "Amino acid sequence of human plasma apolipoprotein C-III from normolipidemic subjects". FEBS Lett. 197 (1–2): 67–73. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80300-3. PMID 3949020. 
• Brewer HB, Shulman R, Herbert P (1974). "The complete amino acid sequence of alanine apolipoprotein (apoC-3), and apolipoprotein from human plasma very low density lipoproteins". J. Biol. Chem. 249 (15): 4975–84. PMID 4846755. 
• Karathanasis SK, McPherson J, Zannis VI, Breslow JL (1983). "Linkage of human apolipoproteins A-I and C-III genes". Nature 304 (5924): 371–3. doi:10.1038/304371a0. PMID 6308458. 
• Sharpe CR, Sidoli A, Shelley CS (1984). "Human apolipoproteins AI, AII, CII and CIII. cDNA sequences and mRNA abundance". Nucleic Acids Res. 12 (9): 3917–32. doi:10.1093/nar/12.9.3917. PMC 318799. PMID 6328445. 
• Law SW, Gray G, Brewer HB (1983). "cDNA cloning of human apoA-I: amino acid sequence of preproapoA-I". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 112 (1): 257–64. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(83)91824-7. PMID 6404278. 
• Protter AA, Levy-Wilson B, Miller J (1985). "Isolation and sequence analysis of the human apolipoprotein CIII gene and the intergenic region between the apo AI and apo CIII genes". DNA 3 (6): 449–56. doi:10.1089/dna.1.1984.3.449. PMID 6439535. 
• Levy-Wilson B, Appleby V, Protter A (1985). "Isolation and DNA sequence of full-length cDNA for human preapolipoprotein CIII". DNA 3 (5): 359–64. doi:10.1089/dna.1984.3.359. PMID 6548954. 
• Dammerman M, Sandkuijl LA, Halaas JL (1993). "An apolipoprotein CIII haplotype protective against hypertriglyceridemia is specified by promoter and 3' untranslated region polymorphisms". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (10): 4562–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.10.4562. PMC 46552. PMID 8099442. 
• Wu JH, Kao JT, Wen MS, Lo SK (2000). "DNA polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein A1-CIII loci in Taiwanese: correlation of plasma APOCIII with triglyceride level and body mass index". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 99 (5): 367–74. PMID 10870325. 
• Geraci MW, Moore M, Gesell T (2001). "Gene expression patterns in the lungs of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: a gene microarray analysis". Circ. Res. 88 (6): 555–62. doi:10.1161/01.RES.88.6.555. PMID 11282888. 
• Inoue Y, Miyazaki M, Tsuji T (2002). "Reactivation of liver-specific gene expression in an immortalized human hepatocyte cell line by introduction of the human HNF4alpha2 gene". Int. J. Mol. Med. 8 (5): 481–7. PMID 11605014. 
• Pastier D, Lacorte JM, Chambaz J (2002). "Two initiator-like elements are required for the combined activation of the human apolipoprotein C-III promoter by upstream stimulatory factor and hepatic nuclear factor-4". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (17): 15199–206. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200227200. PMID 11839757. 
• Chhabra S, Narang R, Krishnan LR (Jun 2002). "Apolipoprotein C3 SstI polymorphism and triglyceride levels in Asian Indians". BMC Genet. 3: 9. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-3-9. PMC 116591. PMID 12052247.