Araucaria
| Araucaria Temporal range: Jurassic–0 Jurassic - present[1][2] |
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| Araucaria araucana growing around a lake Neuquén, Argentina | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Araucariaceae |
| Genus: | Araucaria Juss. |
| Species | |
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See text. |
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Araucaria is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 extant species in the genus, with a highly disjunct distribution in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.
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[edit] Description
Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30–80 m. The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow awl-shaped and lanceolate, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.[3]
The trees are mostly dioecious, with male and female cones found on separate trees,[4] though occasional individuals are monoecious or change sex with time.[5] The female cones, usually high on the top of the tree, are globose, and vary in size between species from 7–25 cm diameter. They contain 80-200 large, edible seeds, similar to pine nuts though larger. The male cones are smaller, 4–10 cm long, and narrow to broad cylindrical, 1.5–5 cm broad.
The genus is familiar to many people as the genus of the distinctive Chilean pine or monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana). The genus is named after the Spanish exonym Araucano ("from Arauco") applied to the Mapuches of central Chile and south-west Argentina whose territory incorporates natural stands of this genus. The Mapuche people call it Pehuén, and consider it sacred.[3] Some Mapuches living in the Andes name themselves Pehuenches ("people of the Pehuén") as they traditionally harvested the seeds extensively for food.[6][7]
No distinct vernacular name exists for the genus; many are called 'pine', despite their being only very distantly related to pines (Pinus).
[edit] Distribution and paleoecology
Members of Araucaria are found in Chile, Argentina, southern Brazil, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Australia, and New Guinea. Many if not all current populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and maquis shrubland, with an affinity for exposed sites. These columnar trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic age. Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, due to the island's long isolation and stability.[3]
It is believed that the long necks of sauropod dinosaurs may have evolved specifically for browsing the foliage of the typically very tall Araucaria trees. The global distribution of vast forests of Araucaria during the Jurassic makes it likely that they were the major high energy food source for adult sauropods.[8]
[edit] Classification and species list
There are four extant sections and two extinct sections in the genus, sometimes treated as separate genera.[3][9][10] Genetic studies indicate that the extant members of the genus can be subdivided into two large clades - the first consisting of the section Araucaria, Bunya, and Intermedia; and the second of the strongly monophyletic section Eutacta. Sections Eutacta and Bunya are both the oldest taxa of the genus, with Eutacta possibly older.[11]
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- Taxa marked with † are extinct.
- Section Araucaria. Leaves broad; cones more than 12 cm diameter; seed germination hypogeal. Syn. sect. Columbea; sometimes includes Intermedia and Bunya
- Araucaria angustifolia. Paraná Pine (obsolete: Brazilian Pine, Candelabra Tree). Southeastern Brazil, northeastern Argentina.
- Araucaria araucana. Monkey-puzzle or Pehuén (obsolete: Chile Pine). Central Chile & western Argentina.
- †Araucaria nipponensis Japan.[12]
- Section Bunya. Contains only one living species. Produces recalcitrant seeds with hypogeal (cryptocotylar) germination,[13] though extinct species may have exhbited epigeal germination.[11]
- Araucaria bidwillii. Bunya-bunya. Eastern Australia.
- †Araucaria brownii
- †Araucaria mirabilis. Patagonia.
- †Araucaria sphaerocarpa
- Section Intermedia. Contains only one living species. Produces recalcitrant seeds
- Araucaria hunsteinii. Klinki. New Guinea
- †Araucaria haastii
- Section Eutacta. Leaves narrow, awl-like; cones less than 12 cm diameter; seed germination epigeal.
- Araucaria bernieri. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria biramulata. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria columnaris. Cook Pine. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria cunninghamii. Moreton Bay Pine, Hoop Pine. Eastern Australia, New Guinea.
- Araucaria heterophylla. Norfolk Island Pine. Norfolk Island.
- Araucaria humboldtensis. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria laubenfelsii. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria luxurians. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria montana. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria muelleri. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria nemorosa. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria rulei. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria schmidii. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria scopulorum. New Caledonia.
- Araucaria subulata. New Caledonia.
- †Section Yezonia. Extinct. Contains only one species
- †Araucaria vulgaris. Japan.
- †Section Perpendicula. Extinct. Contains only one species.
- incertae sedis
Araucaria bindrabunensis (previously classified under section Bunya) has been transferred to the genus Araucarites.
[edit] Uses
Some of the species are relatively common in cultivation because of their distinctive, formal symmetrical growth habit. Several species are economically important for timber production. The edible large seeds of A. bidwillii are also eaten as food (particularly among the Mapuche people and Native Australians).[3]
[edit] In popular culture
- An Araucaria is featured prominently in Herman Hesse's novel Steppenwolf.
- The Araucaria forests of New Caledonia and Chile are used as Triassic forested plains of Arizona and New Mexico, Jurassic open woodlands of Colorado and forested islands of Oxfordshire, and especially Cretaceous forests, and open plains of Montana in Walking with Dinosaurs and the same environments are used again in the first episode of Prehistoric Park.
- An Araucaria forest of Patagonia is also used as "prehistoric background" in Discovery Channel's When Dinosaurs Roamed America, National Geographic's Dino Death Trap, and especially the 2007 film Dinosaurs: Giants of Patagonia.
[edit] See also
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Araucaria |
[edit] References
- ^ Michael Knapp, Ragini Mudaliar, David Havell, Steven J. Wagstaff and Peter J. Lockhart (2007). "The Drowning of New Zealand and the Problem of Agathis". Systematic Biology 56 (5): 862–870. doi:10.1080/10635150701636412. http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/862.full.
- ^ S. Gilmore & K.D. Hill (1997). "Relationships of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) and a molecular phylogeny of the Araucariaceae". Telopea 7 (3): 275–290. http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/73228/Tel7Gil275.pdf.
- ^ a b c d e Christopher J. Earle (December 12, 2010). "Araucaria Jussieu 1789". The Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucaria.php. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ "Practical Seedling Growing: Growing Araucaria from Seeds". Arboretum de Villardebelle. http://www.pinetum.org/adviceAR.htm. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ^ Michael G. Simpson (2010). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. p. 151. ISBN 9780123743800. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C&lpg=PA151&ots=-OllQpVoL1&dq=Araucaria%20monoecious&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q=Araucaria%20monoecious&f=false.
- ^ "Araucaria columnaris". National Tropical Botanical Garden. http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=867. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ^ Francisco P. Moreno (November 2004). "Pehuenches: "The people from the Araucarias forests"". Museo de la Patagonia. http://www.bariloche.com.ar/museo/MAPUING.HTM. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ^ Jürgen Hummel, Carole T. Gee, Karl-Heinz Südekum, P. Martin Sander, Gunther Nogge, and Marcus Clauss (2008). "In vitro digestibility of fern and gymnosperm foliage: implications for sauropod feeding ecology and diet selection". Proceedings of the Royal Society. B (The Royal Society) 275: 1015–1021. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1728. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1638/1015.full.pdf.
- ^ Michael Black, H. W. Pritchard (2002). Desiccation and survival in plants: drying without dying. CABI. p. 246. ISBN 9780851995342. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=8bMEVRRBWjsC&lpg=PA245&dq=section%20Bunya%20araucaria&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q=section%20Bunya%20araucaria&f=false.
- ^ James E. Eckenwalder (2009). Conifers of the world: the complete reference. Timber Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780881929744. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=QGmO_CtTPAEC&lpg=PA149&dq=section%20Intermedia%20Araucaria&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q=section%20Intermedia%20Araucaria&f=false.
- ^ a b Hiroaki Setoguchi, Takeshi Asakawa Osawa, Jean-Cristophe Pintaud, Tanguy Jaffré, and Jean-Marie Veillon (1998). "Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences". American Journal of Botany 85 (11): 1507–1516. http://www.amjbot.org/content/85/11/1507.full.pdf.
- ^ Mary E. Dettmann & H. Trevor Clifford (2005). "Biogeography of Araucariaceae". In J. Dargavel. Australia and New Zealand Forest Histories. Araucaria Forests. Occasional Publication 2. Australian Forest History Society. pp. 1–9. http://fennerschool-associated.anu.edu.au/environhist/links/publications/anzfh/anzfh2dettmann%26clifford.pdf.
- ^ Erich Götz (Dozent Dr.) (1980). Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Springer. p. 295. ISBN 9783540517948. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=8_FxJfTifF4C&lpg=PA295&dq=section%20Bunya%20araucaria&pg=PA295#v=onepage&q=section%20Bunya%20araucaria&f=false.
