Archedictyon
Archedictyon (from Greek Arche meaning first, original, ancient, primitive, or most basic[1] and dictyo- meaning net or netlike,[2] plural "archedictya") is a name given to a hypothetical scheme of wing venation proposed for the common ancestor of all winged insects.[3]
Description[edit]
The nature of the archedictyon is an important consideration in the taxonomic classification of the large, primitive Palaeozoic insects known as Palaeodictyoptera and was used by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart for this purpose as early as 1854.[4] A National Museum of Natural History database for the study of ants, wasps, bees and termites describes the archedictyon as:
...the primitive original vein network characterizing the wings of many of the most ancient insect fossils (T-B, after Needham; Mackerras, in CSIRO); in Mastotermitidae and Hodotermitidae (Isoptera), the complex network or reticulum of irregular veinlets between the veins in the apical 3 quarters of both wings, including the anal lobe (Emerson).[5]
According to a 1999 scientific paper about the evolution of flight in Palaeozoic Palaeoptera, although the archedictyon of some Palaeodictyoptera have long been believed to be generalized plesiomorphic reticulation from which true cross veins developed through evolution, these may actually be an adaptive feature.[6]
Structure[edit]
The archedictyon is believed to have contained between six and eight longitudinal veins, but current understanding of the design is based on a combination of fossil data and speculation.[7]
The "Comstock-Needham system" designed by entomologists John Henry Comstock and George Needham describes these veins and their branches:[8]
- Costa(C): the leading edge of the wing
- Subcosta(Sc): the second longitudinal vein (behind the costa), typically unbranched
- Radius R): the third longitudinal vein, one to five branches reach the wing margin
- Media(M): the fourth longitudinal vein, one to four branches reach the wing margin
- Cubitus (Cu): fifth longitudinal vein, one to three branches reach the wing margin
- Anal veins (A1, A2, A3): the unbranched veins behind the cubitus[8]
Crossveins are named based on their relative position to the more prominent longitudinal veins:
- C-SC crossveins run between the costa and subcosta
- R crossveins run between adjacent branches of the radius
- R-M crossveins run between the radius and media
- M-CU crossveins run between the media and cubitus[8]
Extant species[edit]
The hypothetical primitive wing venation pattern is often used as a basis for describing the pattern in modern insects.[citation needed]
In extant insects, the term implies a retention of primitive characteristics but not necessarily a simplicity of design in comparison to the veinous network of other modern insect wings. Contemporary insects with wings to which the term archedictyon has been applied include the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis from Australia (illustration)[infringing link?] and the praying mantis Orthodera novaezealandiae[9] from New Zealand.
The term is also used in the discussion of phasmids and in such case refers to:
A network of non-directional veins in the costal region of the wing or in the elytron. It is these veins which make the elytron and costal region of the hindwing thicker and stiffer than the anal region of the hindwing.[10]
See also[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ [1] Word Info: "arche-"
- ^ [2] Word Info: dictyo-
- ^ [3] Jarmila Kukalová. Revisional Study of the Order Palaeodictyoptera in the Upper Carboniferous Shales of Commentry, France. Part III. Psyche 77:1-44, 1970.
- ^ [4] Jarmila Kukalová. "Revisional Study of the Order Palaeodictyoptera in the Upper Carboniferous Shales of Commentry, France" Part III. Psyche 77:1-44, 1970.
- ^ [5] Museum of Natural History
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Cambridge Philosophical Society: Flight adaptations in Palaeozoic Palaeoptera (Insecta) - ^ [6] Archedictyon
- ^ a b c [7] North Carolina State University
- ^ [8] Purkayastha, M. 1999, Orthodera novaezealandiae, University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 27, 2008
- ^ "Glossary of terms used to describe phasmids | Phasmid Study Group". Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-07-28. Glossary of terms used to describe phasmids