Argonauts

For other uses of this term, see Argonaut.

Gathering of the Argonauts (?), Attic red-figure krater, 460–450 BC, Louvre (G 341)

The Argo, by Lorenzo Costa

The Argonauts (Greek: Αργοναύται, Argonautai; Georgian: არგონავტები, ArgonavTebi, (Laz language: Argonatepe)) were a band of heroes in Greek mythology who, in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis (modern day west of Georgia) in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their name comes from their ship, the Argo, which was named after its builder, Argus. "Argonauts", therefore, literally means "Argo sailors". They were sometimes called Minyans, after a prehistoric tribe of the area.

Story

After the death of King Cretheus, the Aeolian Pelias usurped the Iolcan throne from his half-brother Aeson and became king of Iolcus in Thessaly (near the modern city of Volos). Because of this unlawful act, an oracle warned him that a descendant of Aeolus would seek revenge. Pelias put to death every prominent descendant of Aeolus he could, but spared Aeson because of the pleas of their mother Tyro. Instead, Pelias kept Aeson prisoner and forced him to renounce his inheritance. Aeson married Alcimede, who bore him a son named Diomedes. Pelias intended to kill the baby at once, but Alcimede summoned her kinswomen to weep over him as if he were stillborn. She faked a burial and smuggled the baby to Mount Pelion. He was raised by the centaur Chiron, who changed the boy's name to Jason.

When Jason was 20 years old, an oracle ordered him to dress as a Magnesian and head to the Iolcan court. While traveling Jason lost his sandal crossing the muddy Anavros river while helping an old woman (Hera in disguise) ford. The goddess was angry with King Pelias for killing his stepmother Sidero after she had sought refuge in Hera's temple.

Another oracle warned Pelias to be on his guard against a man with one shoe. Pelias was presiding over a sacrifice to Poseidon with several neighboring kings in attendance. Among the crowd stood a tall youth in leopard skin with only one sandal. Pelias recognized that Jason was his cousin. He could not kill him because prominent kings of the Aeolian family were present. Instead, he asked Jason: "What would you do if an oracle announced that one of your fellow-citizens were destined to kill you?". Jason replied that he would send him to go and fetch the Golden Fleece, not knowing that Hera had put those words in his mouth.

Jason learned later that Pelias was being haunted by the ghost of Phrixus. Phrixus had fled from Orchomenus riding on a divine ram to avoid being sacrificed and took refuge in Colchis where he was later denied proper burial. According to an oracle, Iolcus would never prosper unless his ghost was taken back in a ship, together with the golden ram's fleece. This fleece now hung from a tree in the grove of the Colchian Ares, guarded night and day by a dragon that never slept. Pelias swore before Zeus that he would give up the throne at Jason's return while expecting that Jason's attempt to steal the Golden Fleece would be a fatal enterprise. However, Hera acted in Jason's favour during the perilous journey.

Jason was accompanied by some of the principal heroes of ancient Greece. The number of Argonauts varies, but usually totals between 40 and 55; traditional versions of the story place their number at 50.

Some have hypothesized that the legend of the Golden Fleece was based on a practice of the Black Sea tribes; they would place a lamb's fleece at the bottom of a stream to entrap gold dust being washed down from upstream. This practice is still in use, particularly in the Svaneti region of Georgia. See Golden Fleece for other, more speculative interpretations.

The crew of the Argo

There is no definite list of the Argonauts. Many Greeks would claim their ancestors were Argonauts, though there were too many named for them all to be accurate. As such, the lists compiled by ancient authors were no more than an educated guess.

The following list is collated from several lists given in ancient sources.

1. Acastus
2. Actor (son of Hippas)
3. Admetus
4. Aethalides
5. Amphiaraus
6. Amphidamas
7. Amphion (son of Hyperasius)
8. Ancaeus
9. Areius
10. Argus (builder of Argo)
11. Argus (son of Phrixus)
12. Ascalaphus
13. Asclepius
14. Asterion (son of Cometes)
15. Asterius (brother of Amphion)
16. Atalanta
17. Augeas
18. Autolycus, son of Deimachus
19. Bellerophon
20. Butes
21. Calaïs (son of Boreas)
22. Caeneus (son of Coronus)
23. Canthus
24. Castor (son of Zeus)
25. Cepheus, King of Tegea
26. Clytius (son of Eurytus)
27. Coronus (son of Caeneus)
28. Cytissorus
29. Deucalion of Crete
30. Echion
31. Eribotes
32. Erginus (son of Poseidon)
33. Erytus (brother of Echion)
34. Euphemus
35. Euryalus
36. Eurydamas
37. Eurymedon (son of Dionysus)
38. Eurytion
39. Heracles (son of Zeus)
40. Hippalcimus
41. Hylas
42. Idas
43. Idmon
44. Iolaus (nephew of Heracles)
45. Iphitos
46. Jason
47. Laërtes
48. Laocoön (half-brother of Oeneus and tutor of Meleager)
49. Leitus
50. Leodocus
51. Lynceus
52. Medea
53. Melas
54. Meleager
55. Menoetius
56. Mopsus
57. Nauplius
58. Neleus (son of Poseidon)
59. Nestor
60. Oileus
61. Orpheus
62. Palaemon
63. Palaimonius (son of Hephaestus)
64. Peleus
65. Peneleus
66. Perseus
67. Periclymenus
68. Phalerus
69. Phanus (brother of Staphylus and Eurymedon)
70. Philoctetes
71. Phlias (son of Dionysus)
72. Phocus
73. Phrontis
74. Poeas
75. Prias (brother of Phocus)
76. Pollux (son of Zeus)
77. Polyphemus
78. Staphylus
79. Talaus
80. Telamon
81. Thersanon (son of Helios and Leucothoe)
82. Theseus
83. Tiphys
84. Zetes (son of Boreas)

Several more names are discoverable from other sources. Amyrus, eponym of a Thessalian city, is given by Stephanus of Byzantium as "one of the Argonauts"; he is otherwise said to have been a son of Poseidon and to have given his name to the river Amyrus. Azorus was the helmsman of Argo according to Hesychius of Alexandria; he could be the same as the Azorus mentioned by Stephanus as founder of the city Azorus in Pelagonia.

Notes to the list

• Atalanta is included on the list by Apollodorus, but Apollonius claims that Jason forbade her because she was a woman and could cause strife in the otherwise all-male crew. Other sources state that she was asked, but refused.

• Apollonius also claims that Theseus and Pirithous were trapped in Hades at the time and could not join.

• Theseus being on the list is inconsistent with accounts of his life usually including him encountering Medea at an early stage of his adventures, yet many years after the Argonauts completed their adventure (Medea, by that time, was not only abandoned by Jason, but also bore a child from Aegeus).

• Argus, Phrontis, Melas and Cytissorus, sons of Phrixus and Chalciope, joined the crew only after being rescued by the Argonauts: the four had been stranded on a desert island not far from Colchis, from where they initially sailed with an intent to reach their father's homeland. However, Argus is not to be confused with the other Argus, son of Arestor or Polybus, constructor and eponym of the ship Argo and member of the crew from the beginning.

Adaptations of the myth

Literature

• The Life and Death of Jason (1867) by William Morris
• Hercules, My Shipmate (1945) by Robert Graves
• The Greek Myths by Robert Graves
• Jason and Medeia by John Gardner, a modern, epic poem in English.
• The Argonautica by Gaius Valerius Flaccus, a first-century AD Latin epic poem.
• The Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes, a Hellenistic, Greek epic poem.
• Despoiled Shore Medea Material Landscape with Argonauts (1982) -- a play in the synthetic fragment form by Heiner Müller
• In comics, outside of a comic book adaptation of the film Jason and the Argonauts published by Dell Comics in 1963 as part of their Movie Classics series, there were 2 series that featured The Argonauts alongside Jason. The first was a 5 issue series published by Caliber Press in 1991, while the other was a series called Jason and the Argonauts: Kingdom of Hades, a 5 issue mini-series, published by Bluewater Comics in 2007. In 2011, Campfire Books published a graphic novel called Jason and the Argonauts written by Dan Whitehead.
• The heroes of Olympus by Rick Riordan is loosely based on a modern version of the story of Jason and the Argonauts. The myth is mentioned on several occasions.

Film and Television

A Soviet cartoon called "The Argonauts" was made in 1971.

Two movies titled Jason and the Argonauts have been made, and a film entitled Rise of the Argonauts is in production but is not an adaptation and will act as a prequel to the first film. This film will be released sometime in spring 2011.

Jason and the Argonauts (1963), directed by Don Chaffey and featuring special effects by Ray Harryhausen, shows Jason hosting Olympics-like games and selecting his crew from among the winners.

A Hallmark presentation TV movie, Jason and the Argonauts (2000), on the other hand, shows Jason having to settle for men with no sailing experience. This includes a thief who says "Who better than a thief to grab the Golden Fleece?"

A movie titled "Vesyolaya hronika opasnogo puteshestviya" (Amusing Chronicle of a Dangerous Voyage) was made in the Soviet Union in 1986 starring a famous Russian actor Alexander Abdulov. (imdb)

The 1977 Doctor Who serial 'Underworld' is loosely based on the story of Jason and the Argonauts.

Music

British Rock group XTC recorded a song entitled Jason and the Argonauts, to be found on their album English Settlement (1982).

Radio

In 2001, a radio drama adaptation of Apollonius' Argonautica was presented on the Radio Tales series for National Public Radio.

Video games

Jason and the Argo, along with a small number of the more legendary Argonauts and Greeks, were featured in the 2008 video game Rise of the Argonauts

See also

• Argo Navis
• Argonaut Mine
• Jason for more details on the quest for the Golden Fleece
• Toronto Argonauts, a Canadian Football League Team
• Argonaut Rowing Club, a rowing club based out of Toronto
• "Jason and the Argonauts", a song by XTC, from their album English Settlement
• Rutlish School, one of eight houses within the school system
• Argonauts, a MMORPG video games greek speaking Guild

References

• Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica I, 23–227;
• Apollodorus, Bibliotheke I, ix, 16.
• Ken Inglis, This is the ABC: The Australian Broadcasting Commission 1932–1983, 2006

External links

• Argonauts Information and Gallery
• Definition of an "argonaut".