Armenian diaspora

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The Armenian diaspora refers to the Armenian communities outside the Republic of Armenia and self-proclaimed de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Throughout history Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world.[1] Most Armenians in the diaspora are not from the Republic of Armenia but from Western Armenia (modern day Eastern Turkey), mainly those who descended from the survivors of the Armenian Genocide.[2]

Contents

Etymology [edit]

In Armenian, the diaspora is referred to as spyurk ([spjurkʰ]; սփիւռք in traditional spelling and սփյուռք in reformed spelling).[3][4] Although, in past, the word gaghut (գաղութ Armenian pronunciation: [ɑʁutʰ]) was mostly used to refer to the communities of Armenians.

History [edit]

The Armenian diaspora has been present for over seventeen hundred years.[5]

The modern Armenian diaspora was formed largely after the World War I as a result of the Armenian Genocide. After the Fall of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish nationalists under the lead of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk took the province of Western Armenia. As a result of the genocide, Armenians were forced to flee to different parts of the world (approximately half a million in number) and created new Armenian communities far from their native land. Through marriage and procreation, the number of Armenians in the diaspora who trace their lineage to those Armenians who survived and fled Western Armenia is now several million. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, approximately one million Armenians have joined the diaspora largely as a result of difficult economic conditions in Armenia. Jivan Tabibian, an Armenian scholar and former diplomat in Armenia said, Armenians "are not place bound, but... are intensely place- conscious".[6]

According to Randall Hansen, "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."[2]

In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside of Greater Armenia. Diasporic Armenian communities emerged in the Sassanid and Persian empires, and also to defend eastern and northern borders of the Byzantine Empire.[7] In order to populate depopulated regions of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Until the eleventh century, Byzantine authorities often following the Armenian Apostolic version of Christianity, they kept ties with families in Armenia.[7] As Cilis during the seventh and eighth century confrontations between the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire, Armenians either forcibly or voluntarily relocated there. After the fall of the kingdom to the Mamelukes and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to Cyprus, the Balkans, and Italy.[7] Although an Armenian diaspora existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire and Russia and the Caucasus.

The Armenian diaspora is devided into two communities - those of Ottoman Armenia or Western Armenian and those who are from collapsed Soviet Union and Republic of Armenia. The last faces frequent discrimination by most Western Armenians since the Ottoman Armenian Disaspora has long been integrated into each respective culture, whereas Armenians of Soviet countries have less than 25 years of migrative history.

Armenians of modern Republic of Turkey do not consider themselves as part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they believe that they continue residing in their historical homeland,

The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[8] Although many Armenians perished during the Turkish War of Independence, some of the Armenians managed to escape, and established themselves in various parts of the world.

Distribution [edit]

Main articles: Armenian population by country and Armenian population by urban areas

Today, the Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, since these regions form part of Armenians' indigenous homeland. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000.

Of those, approximately 3 million live in Armenia, 130,000 in the unrecognized de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and 120,000 in the region of Javakhk in neighboring Georgia. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 in diaspora (with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, and Australia).[9]

Less than half of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia. Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, northern part of Iran, southern part of Georgia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan regions of Azerbaijan. These regions were part of the Ottoman empire and other states.[10]

Population by country [edit]

The table below lists countries and territories where at least few Armenians live and their number according to official data and estimations by various organizations and media.

Estimations may vary greatly, because no reliable data are available for some countries. In France, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, Germany and many other countries, ethnicity was never enumerated during population censuses and it's virtually impossible to determine the actual number of Armenians living there. Although, data for people of foreign origin (born abroad or having a foreign citizenship) is available for most European Union countries, but this doesn't present the whole picture and can hardly be taken as a source for the number of Armenians, because in many countries, most prominently France, most Armenians aren't from the Republic of Armenia and they don't have any legal connection with their ancestral homeland. Also, not all Armenian citizens and people born in Armenia are ethnic Armenians, but the overwhelming majority of them are as about 97.9% of the country's population is Armenian.[11]

For other countries, such as Russia, the official number of Armenians is believed, by many, to have been underrated, because many migrant worker live in the country.

List of countries and territories by Armenian population
Rank Country/territory Official data Estimations Article
1  Armenia 70063145354000000003,145,354 (2001 census)[12] 7006300000000000000 2,908,115,[13] 3,000,000,[14] 3,200,000[15] Demographics of Armenia
2  Russia 70061182388000000001,182,388 (2010 census)[16] 7006220000000000000 1,500,000,[17] 2,000,000,[18] 2,200,000,[19] 2,500,000,[20][21] 2,900,000[22] Armenians in Russia
3  United States 7005483366000000000483,366 (2011 ACS)[23] 7006123500000000000 800,000,[20][24] 1,000,000,[25][26] 1,200,000,[27][28] 1,270,000,[29] 1,400,000,[30][31][32] 1,500,000[33][34][35][36] Armenian American
4  France 700412355000000000012,355 (2005, born in Armenia)[37] 7005450000000000000 250,000,[20] 300,000,[17][24] 400,000,[18] 450,000,[38] 500,000,[39] 600,000,[40] 750,000[41] Armenians in France
5  Georgia 7005248929000000000248,929 (2002 census)[42] 7005375000000000000 350,000,[43] 400,000[44] Armenians in Georgia
6 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno Karabakha 7005137380000000000137,380 (2005 census)[45] 7005130000000000000 130,000[14] Armenians in Azerbaijan
7  Ukraine 700499894000000000099,894 (2001 census)[46] 7005130000000000000 100,000,[47] 130,000,[48] 250,000[49] Armenians in Ukraine
8  Lebanon N/A 7005100000000000000 70,000-80,000,[50] 100,000,[17] 105,000[20] Armenians in Lebanon
9  Iran N/A 7005100000000000000 70,000-80,000,[51] 80,000,[52] 100,000,[17] 120,000,[53] 180,000[20] Iranian Armenians
10  Turkeyb 700455354000000000055,354 (1965, Armenian speakers)c 7004600000000000000 50,000,[17] 50,000-70,000,[54] 60,000,[20][55][56] 70,000,[57] 80,000[41][58] Armenians in Turkey
11  Argentina 70031227000000000001,227 (2001, born in Armenia)[59] 7004700000000000000 70,000[60] Armenians in Argentina
12  Syria N/A 7004675000000000000 35,000-40,000,[61] 60,000,[62][63] 65,000-70,000,[64] 70,000,[20] 120,000[17] Armenians in Syria
13  Canada 700450500000000000050,500 (2006 census)[65] 7004625000000000000 50,000,[66] 60,000-65,000,[67] 100,000[24] Armenian Canadian
14  Greece 70037742000000000007,742 (2001, Armenian citizens)[68] 7004600000000000000 35,000,[69] 60,000,[70] 70,000-80,000[71] Armenians in Greece
15  Abkhaziad 700441907000000000041,907 (2011 census)[72] 7004500000000000000 50,000[73] Armenians in Abkhazia
16  Bulgaria 700410832000000000010,832 (2001 census)[74] 7004500000000000000 50,000[75][76] Armenians in Bulgaria
17  Uzbekistan 700450537000000000050,537 (1989 census)[77] 7004500000000000000 42,359,[78] 50,000,[79] 70,000[80] Armenians in Uzbekistan
18  Spain 700411706000000000011,706 (2011, Armenian citizens)[68] 7004450000000000000 5,000,[81] 45,000,[82] 80,000[83] Armenians in Spain
19  Germany 700411205000000000011,205 (2011, Armenian citizens)[68] 7004450000000000000 30,000,[84][85] 50,000-60,000[86] Armenians in Germany
20  Poland 70033000000000000003,000 (2011 census)[87] 7004400000000000000 15,000-20,000,[76] 25,000-30,000,[76] 40,000,[88] 50,000,[89] 100,000-120,000[90] Armenians in Poland
21  Australia 700415791000000000015,791 (2006 census)[91] 7004375000000000000 20,000,[17] 30,000,[24] 35,000-40,000,[92] 50,000[93] Armenians in Australia
22  Brazil N/A 7004350000000000000 20,000-25,000,[94] 25,000-30,000,[95] 30,000,[96] 35,000-40,000,[94] 40,000,[97] 60,000-80,000[94] Armenian Brazilian
23  Belarus 70038512000000000008,512 (2009 census)[98] 7004275000000000000 25,000,[97] 30,000[99][100][101] Armenians in Belarus
24  Turkmenistan 700431829000000000031,829 (1989 Soviet census)[102] 7004250000000000000 20,000-22,000,[103] 30,000[104] Armenians in Turkmenistan
25  Kazakhstan 700411031000000000011,031 (2010 official est.)[105] 7004225000000000000 20,000-25,000,[106] 25,000[107][108] Armenians in Kazakhstan
26  United Kingdom 7002589000000000000589 (2001, born in Armenia)[109] 7004170000000000000 16,000,[110] 18,000[111] Armenians in the United Kingdom
27  Hungary 7002161000000000000161 (2011, Armenian citizens)[68] 7004150000000000000 6,000,[76] 15,000,[112] 30,000[113] Armenians in Hungary
28  Uruguay N/A 7004150000000000000 15,000[114] Armenians in Uruguay
29  Iraq N/A 7004150000000000000 10,000,[115][116] 15,000,[117] 20,000[118] Armenians in Iraq
30  Netherlands 7002705000000000000705 (2011, Armenian citizens)[68] 7003950000000000000 7,000,[119] 12,000[120] Armenians in the Netherlands
31  Belgium 70039633000000000009,633 (2011, Armenian citizens)[68] 7003700000000000000 7,000[121] Armenians in Belgium
32  Egypt N/A 7003600000000000000 6,000[122] Armenians in Egypt
33  Czech Republic 70032100000000000002,100 (2011, born in Armenia)[37] 7003600000000000000 6,000-12,000,[76] 8,000-10,000,[123] 10,000[124] Armenians in the Czech Republic
34  Sweden 70031672000000000001,672 (2011, born in Armenia)[37] 7003550000000000000 5,000[125] 6,000[126] Armenians in Sweden
35  Kuwait N/A 7003500000000000000 5,000[127] Armenians in Kuwait
36  Austria 70032667000000000002,667 (2009, Armenian citizens)[68] 7003400000000000000 4,000[128] Armenians in Austria
37  Romania 70031780000000000001,780 (2002 census)[129] 7003400000000000000 2,500,[130] 3,000,[97] 5,000,[131] 7,500-10,000[76] Armenians in Romania
38  Latvia 70032742000000000002,742 (2008 yearly statistics)[132] 7003375000000000000 3,000,[133] 4,500[134] Armenians in Latvia
39  Switzerland 7002612000000000000612 (2010, Armenian citizens)[135] 7003375000000000000 3,000,[136] 4,500[137] Armenians in Switzerland
40  Venezuela N/A 7003350000000000000 3,500[138]
41  Estonia 70031402000000000001,402 (2011 census)[139] 7003300000000000000 3,000[140] Armenians in Estonia
42  Italy 7002666000000000000666 (2011, Armenian citizens)[68] 7003300000000000000 3,000[141] Armenians in Italy
43  Denmark 7002605000000000000605 (2011, born in Armenia)[37] 7003300000000000000 3,000[142] Armenians in Denmark
44  United Arab Emirates N/A 7003300000000000000 3,000[97] Armenians in the UAE
45  Tajikistan 70035651000000000005,651 (1989 Soviet census)[143] 7003300000000000000 3,000[144] Armenians in Tajikistan
46  Jordan N/A 7003300000000000000 3,000[145] Armenians in Jordan
47  Moldova 70032873000000000002,873 (1989 Soviet census)[146] 7003300000000000000 2,000-4,000,[147] 3,000[148] Armenians in Moldova
48  Lithuania 70031477000000000001,477 (2001 census)[149] 7003250000000000000 2,500[150][151] Armenians in Lithuania
49  Israel N/A 7003250000000000000 2,000,[152] 3,000[153] Armenians in Israel
50  Cyprus 70031341000000000001,341 (2001 census)[154] 7003200000000000000 2,000,[155][156] 3,000-3,500[157] Armenians in Cyprus
51  Kyrgyzstan 70031364000000000001,364 (1999 census)[158] 7003150000000000000 900-1,000,[159] 3,000[160] Armenians in Kyrgyzstan
52  Chile N/A 7003150000000000000 1,500[161]
53  Norway 7002275000000000000275 (2012, country of origin)e 7003100000000000000 1,000[162]
54  Finland 700193000000000000093 (2011, Armenian citizens)[68] 7002600000000000000 200,[163] 1,000[97]
55  Malta 700110000000000000010 (2008, Armenian citizens)[68] 7002500000000000000 500[164]
56  Slovakia 7002261000000000000261 (2005, born in Armenia)[37] 7002500000000000000 500[165]
57  Slovenia 70007000000000000007 (2005, born in Armenia)[37] 7002500000000000000 500[165]
58  Albania N/A 7002400000000000000 400[166]
59  Mexico N/A 7002400000000000000 400[167]
60  Serbia 7002222000000000000222 (2011 census)[168] 7002300000000000000 200-250,[169] 300-350[170] Armenians in Serbia
61  Republic of Macedonia N/A 7002300000000000000 300[171]
62  South Africa N/A 7002300000000000000 300[172]
63  New Zealand N/A 7002200000000000000 200[173]
64  India N/A 7002200000000000000 200[174]
65  Ireland 700170000000000000070 (2011, born in Armenia)[37] 7002150000000000000 150[175]
66  Portugal 7002105000000000000105 (2009, born in Armenia)[37] 7002105000000000000
67  Ethiopia N/A 7001850000000000000 80-90[176]
68  Cuba N/A 7001800000000000000 80[177]
69  Singapore N/A 7001600000000000000 30-40,[178] 80[179] Armenians in Singapore
70  China N/A 7001550000000000000 50-60[180]
71  Japan N/A 7001550000000000000 50-60[181]
72  Thailand N/A 7001450000000000000 40-50[182]
73  Morocco N/A 7001300000000000000 25-30[183]
74  Luxembourg 70007000000000000007 (2001, Armenian citizenship)[68] 7000700000000000000
Total
5,659,927
 6,849,191 — 10,507,132
Notes
^a De facto independent, de jure part of Azerbaijan.
^b Hamshenis and Crypto-Armenians are not included.
^c According to the Turkish 1965 census, 33,094 people indicated Armenian as their mother language and 22,260 as their second best language spoken.[184]
^d De facto independent, de jure part of Georgia.
^e Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents.[185]

References [edit]

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  84. ^ Thon, Caroline (2012). Armenians in Hamburg: an ethnographic exploration into the relationship between diaspora and success. Berlin: Lit. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-643-90226-9. 
  85. ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 139.
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  101. ^ (Armenian) "Մինսկում կկառուցվի հայկական եկեղեցի" [Armenian church will be built in Minsk]. PanARMENIAN.Net. 26 February 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2013. 
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  117. ^ (Armenian) "Իրաքահայ գաղութից առայժմ տագնապալի լուրեր չկան". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 March 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2013. "Համայնքի Ազգային կենտրոնական վարչության տվյալներով, Իրաքում շուրջ 15 հազար հայ կա, որոնցից 10-12 հազարը ապրում են Բաղդադում, 1000-ը՝ Բասրայում: Հյուսիսային Իրաքում ապրող շուրջ 2500 հայերից 1000-1200-ը ապրում են Մոսուլ, Կիրկուկ քաղաքներում, մնացածը՝ մոտակա գյուղերում:" 
  118. ^ Mite, Valentinas (6 July 2004). "Iraq: Tiny Ethnic-Armenian Community Survived Hussein, Making It In Postwar Times". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 27 January 2013. 
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Bibliography
  • Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան [Encyclopedia of Armenian Diaspora] (in Armenian) 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing. ISBN 5-89700-020-4. 

References [edit]

External links [edit]

Armenian diaspora
Historical and modern distribution of Armenians in the Armenian Highland.
Armenian population by country.
Historical areas of
Armenian settlement
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