Arthur Holmes
| Arthur Holmes | |
|---|---|
 Arthur Holmes around age 22 |
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| Born | 14 January 1890 |
| Died | 20 September 1965 |
| Nationality | British |
| Institutions | Durham University (1924-1942), Edinburgh University (1943-1956) |
| Alma mater | Imperial College |
Arthur Holmes (14 January 1890 – 20 September 1965) was a British geologist. As a child he lived in Low Fell, Gateshead and attended the Gateshead Higher Grade School (later Gateshead Grammar School).[1]
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[edit] Age of the earth
Holmes was a pioneer of geochronology, and performed the first uranium-lead radiometric dating (specifically designed to measure the age of a rock) while an undergraduate at the Royal College of Science (now Imperial College) in London, assigning an age of 370 Ma to a Devonian rock from Norway. This result was published in 1911,[2] after his graduation in 1910. By 1911 he had already spent six months in Mozambique prospecting for minerals. While abroad he had contracted blackwater fever and malaria so severe that a note of his death was sent home by telegraph. However, he returned home and recovered – though suffering life-long recurrences of the illness.
1912 saw Holmes on the staff of Imperial College, publishing his famous booklet The Age of the Earth in 1913 (he estimated the Earth's age to be 1,600 Ma). He obtained his doctorate (of Science) in 1917 and in 1920 joined an oil company in Burma as chief geologist. The company failed, and he returned to England penniless in 1924. He had been accompanied in Burma by his three-year-old son, who contracted dysentery and died shortly before Holmes’s departure.
In 1924 he was appointed to the newly-created post of reader in geology at Durham University. Eighteen years later his achievements were recognised, when he became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942. In the following year he was appointed to the chair of geology at Edinburgh University, which he held until retirement in 1956.
[edit] Continental drift
Holmes championed the theory of continental drift promoted by Alfred Wegener at a time when it was deeply unfashionable with his more conservative peers. One problem with the theory lay in the mechanism of movement, and Holmes proposed that Earth's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface. His second famous book Principles of Physical Geology, ending with a chapter on continental drift, was published in 1944.[3] Part of the model was the origin of the seafloor spreading concept.[4][5] His later measurements of the age of the Earth (4,500±100 Ma) were based on measurements of the relative abundance of uranium isotopes by Alfred O. C. Nier.
He was awarded both the Wollaston Medal and the Penrose Medal in 1956. The Arthur Holmes Medal of the European Geosciences Union is named after him.
A crater on Mars has been named in his honour.
The Durham University Department of Earth Sciences' Arthur Holmes "Isotope Geology Laboratory". http://www.dur.ac.uk/geochem.www/group/arthurholmes.htm Arthur Holmes. is named after him, as is the students' Geology Society.
[edit] Notes
- ^ "Commemorative Plaques in Gateshead Borough". http://www.bpears.org.uk/Misc/Gateshead_Plaques/#HolmesA.
- ^ Holmes, Arthur (9 June 1911). The association of lead with uranium in rock-minerals and its application to the measurement of geological time. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A 85: 248–256.
- ^ Holmes, Arthur (1944). Principles of Physical Geology (1 ed.). Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons. ISBN 0174480202.
- ^ Wessel, P.; Müller, R. D. (2007). "Plate Tectonics". Treatise on Geophysics. 6. Elsevier. pp. 49–98.
- ^ Vine, F. J. (16 December 1966). "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence". Science 154 (3755): 1405–1415. doi:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405. PMID 17821553. http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~rcoe/eart206/Vine_SFspreading_Science06.pdf.
[edit] References
- Lewis, Cherry (2000). The Dating Game: One Man's Search for the Age of the Earth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89312-7.
