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Arundinaria gigantea

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Arundinaria gigantea
Grouping of Arundinaria gigantea at Cane Ridge Meeting House in Kentucky, USA

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Arundinaria
Species:
A. gigantea
Binomial name
Arundinaria gigantea
(Walter) Muhl.

Arundinaria gigantea is a species of bamboo known as giant cane (not to be confused with Arundo donax), river cane, and giant river cane. It is endemic to the south-central and southeastern United States as far west as Oklahoma and Texas and as far north as New York. Giant river cane was economically and culturally important to indigenous people, with uses including as a vegetable and materials for construction and craft production. Arundinaria gigantea and other species of Arundinaria once grew in large colonies called canebrakes covering thousands of acres in the southeastern United States, but today these canebrakes are considered endangered ecosystems.[2][3]

Description

This bamboo, which is a species of cane, is a perennial grass with a rounded, hollow stem which can exceed 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and grow to a height of 10 m (33 ft). It grows from a large network of thick rhizomes. The lance-shaped leaves are up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 4 cm (1.6 in) wide. The inflorescence is a raceme or panicle of spikelets measuring 4 to 7 cm (1.6 to 2.8 in) in length. An individual cane has a lifespan of about 10 years.[2][4] Most reproduction is vegetative as the bamboo sprouts new stems from its rhizome. It rarely produces seeds and it flowers irregularly. Sometimes it flowers gregariously.[5] Some types of non-native bamboos are confused with this native cane.[6]

Habitat and ecology

This native plant is a member of several plant communities today, generally occurring as a component of the understory or midstory. It grows in pine forests dominated by loblolly, slash, longleaf, and shortleaf pine, and stands of oaks, cypress, ash, and cottonwood. Other plants in the understory include inkberry (Ilex glabra), creeping blueberry (Vaccinium crassifolium), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), blue huckleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa), pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta), cutover muhly (Muhlenbergia expansa), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and toothache grass (Ctenium aromaticum). Cane communities occur on floodplains, bogs, riparian woods, pine barrens and savannas, and pocosins. It grows easily in flooded and saturated soils.[2] It tolerates wildfire, and canebrakes are maintained by a normal fire regime.

Arundinaria gigantea in Natchez, Georgia, USA

Giant cane has been documented as providing food and shelter for 70 species, including six butterfly species that depend almost exclusively on it for food.[7] An example of a butterfly that requires cane as a food plant is the southern pearly eye, a butterfly.[6] Canebrakes are an important habitat for the Swainson's, hooded, and Kentucky warblers, as well as the white-eyed vireo. The disappearance of the canebrake ecosystem may have contributed to the rarity and possible extinction of the Bachman's warbler, which was dependent upon it for nesting sites.[2][8] Giant cane was also one of three major sources of food for passenger pigeons, and the disappearance of canebrakes may have helped cause its extinction.[9]

Arundinaria gigantea at The Botanical Gardens at Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina, USA

Conservation

Canebrakes declined after European settlement of the American southeast. Factors involved in the decline include the introduction of livestock such as cattle, which eagerly graze on the leaves. The cane was considered a good forage for the animals until overgrazing began to eliminate canebrake habitat.[2] Other reasons for the decline include the conversion of the land for agriculture[10] and fire suppression.[11]

Uses

There are many human uses for the cane. The Cherokee, particularly the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,[12] use this species in basketry.[13] The Cherokee historically maintained canebrakes with cutting and periodic burning, a practice which stopped with the European settlement of the land.[11] The elimination of cane habitat has nearly resulted in the loss of the art of basketmaking,[12][14] which is important for the economy of the Cherokee today.[15] The cane was also used by groups such as the Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw to make medicine, blowguns, bows and arrows, knives, spears, flutes, candles, walls for dwellings,[13] fish traps, sleeping mats, and tobacco pipes.[15]

Giant cane is of interest due to its extraordinary capability to reduce both sediment loss and nitrate runoff when planted as a "buffer" between waterways and agricultural fields. A giant cane buffer zone can reduce nitrate pollution in ground water by 99%.[16] Stands of cane are superior even to forests as protective buffers around waterways, absorbing sediment and nitrate pollution and dramatically slowing the rate at which runoff enters the stream or river.[17]

References

  1. ^ NatureServe. 1984. Arundinaria gigantea, Giant cane. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.143792/Arundinaria_gigantea. Accessed 15 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Taylor, Jane E. (2006). Arundinaria gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 12-12-2011.
  3. ^ Triplett, J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G. (2006), "Hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains" (PDF), Sida, 22 (1): 79–95, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30, retrieved 2007-07-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Arundinaria gigantea and A. tecta. Archived June 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Grass Manual Treatment. Retrieved 12-12-2011.
  5. ^ Platt, S. G., et al. (2004). Observations of flowering cane (Arundinacea gigantea) in Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Proc Louisiana Acad Sci 66 17-25. Retrieved 12-13-2011.
  6. ^ a b Arundinaria gigantea. University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Retrieved 12-13-2011.
  7. ^ Barret, Richard; Grabowski, Janet; Williams, M.J. "Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast" (PDF). ncrs.usda.gov. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  8. ^ Bachman's Warbler. BirdLife International Species Profile. Retrieved 12-13-2011.
  9. ^ Barret, Richard; Grabowski, Janet; Williams, M.J. "Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast" (PDF). ncrs.usda.gov. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  10. ^ Dattilo, A. J. and C. C. Rhoades. (2005). Establishment of the woody grass Arundinaria gigantea for riparian restoration.[permanent dead link‍] Restoration Ecology 13(4) 616-22.
  11. ^ a b Bugden, J. L., et al. (2011). Mapping existing and potential river cane (Arundinaria gigantea) habitat in western North Carolina. (Report). Southeastern Geographer. Retrieved 12-13-2011.
  12. ^ a b Valigra, L. In Cherokee country, reviving a tree's deep roots. National Geographic News (November 7, 2005). Retrieved 12-13-2011.
  13. ^ a b Arundinaria gigantea. The Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved 03-16-2018.
  14. ^ WCU helps Cherokee artists harvest natural materials. Archived 2012-12-15 at archive.today Western Carolina University Office of Public Relations. (November 6, 2008). Retrieved 12-13-2011.
  15. ^ a b Preserving the past: A guide for North Carolina landowners.[permanent dead link‍] North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 12-13-2011.
  16. ^ Barret, Richard; Grabowski, Janet; Williams, M.J. "Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast" (PDF). ncrs.usda.gov. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  17. ^ "Canebrake Restoration". friendsofthecache.org. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
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