Asprella

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Asprella
Apertural view of a shell of Asprella inscripta (Reeve, 1843), equivalent to Conus inscriptus Reeve, 1843
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Conoidea
Family: Conidae
Subfamily: Puncticuliinae
Genus: Asprella
Schaufuss, 1869
Synonyms[1]
  • Cylindrella Swainson, 1840
  • Embrikena Iredale, 1937
  • Fumiconus da Motta, 1991
  • Graphiconus da Motta, 1991

Asprella is a proposed genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.[1] This genus currently (November 2011) is still treated by some experts as an "alternative representation" of this group of species.

When the "alternative representations" are not used, this group of species is instead still placed in the Linnaean genus Conus.

Contents

[edit] Distinguishing characteristics

The Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy distinguishes Asprella from Conus in the following ways:[2]

Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth periostracum and a small operculum. The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the protoconch is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The radula has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur.
Geographical distribution:
These species are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Feeding habits:
These species eat other gastropods, including cones.[2]
  • Genus Asprella, Schaufuss, 1869
Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The protoconch is multispiral, the body ornamentation reaches the shoulder of the shell or dissipates in the midbody region, and there are nodules on at least the early whorls. The shell has as a deep anal notch. The periostracum is smooth however in some species there are minute hairs, and the operculum is small.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The anterior section of the radula is approximately the same length as the posterior section but in some species one section may be longer than the other. The blade is long and extends between one-third and two-thirds the length of the anterior section of the radular tooth. A basal spur is present, and the barb is short.
Geographical distribution:
These species are found throughout the Indo-Pacific region to and including Australia.
Feeding habits:
These species are vermivorous (i.e. they prey on marine worms).[2]

[edit] Species list

This list of species is based on the information in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) list. Species within the genus Aspella include:[1]

The following species names are recognized as "alternate representations" (see full explanation below) in contrast to the traditional system, which uses the genus Conus for all species in the family:[1]

  • Asprella armadillo (Shikama, 1971) is equivalent to Conus armadillo Shikama, 1971
  • Asprella australis (Holten, 1802) is equivalent to Conus australis Holten, 1802
  • Asprella baeri (Röckel & Korn, 1992) is equivalent to Conus baeri Röckel & Korn, 1992
  • Asprella blanfordiana (Crosse, 1867) is equivalent to Conus blanfordianus Crosse, 1867
  • Asprella broderipii (Reeve, 1844) is equivalent to Conus broderipii Reeve, 1844
  • Asprella bruuni (Powell, 1958) is equivalent to Conus bruuni Powell, 1958
  • Asprella ciderryi (da Motta, 1985) is equivalent to Conus ciderryi da Motta, 1985
  • Asprella colmani (Röckel & Korn, 1990) is equivalent to Conus colmani Röckel & Korn, 1990
  • Asprella conspersa (Reeve, 1844) is equivalent to Conus conspersus Reeve, 1844
  • Asprella erythraeensis (Reeve, 1843) is equivalent to Conus erythraeensis Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella fijisulcata (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008) is equivalent to Conus fijisulcatus Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  • Asprella flava (Röckel, 1985) is equivalent to Conus flavus Röckel, 1985
  • Asprella gigasulcata (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008) is equivalent to Conus gigasulcatus Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  • Asprella guidopoppei (Raybaudi Massilia, 2005) is equivalent to Conus guidopoppei Raybaudi Massilia, 2005
  • Asprella inscripta (Reeve, 1843) is equivalent to Conus inscriptus Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella iodostoma (Reeve, 1843) is equivalent to Conus iodostoma Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella janus (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) is equivalent to Conus janus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  • Asprella kiicumulus (Azuma, 1982) is equivalent to Conus kiicumulus (Azuma, 1982)
  • Asprella kinoshitai (Kuroda, 1956) is equivalent to Conus kinoshitai (Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella kuroharai (Habe, 1965) is equivalent to Conus kuroharai (Habe, 1965)
  • Asprella laterculata (G.B. Sowerby II, 1870) is equivalent to Conus laterculatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1870
  • Asprella lienardi (Bernardi & Crosse, 1861) is equivalent to Conus lienardi Bernardi & Crosse, 1861
  • Asprella limpusi (Röckel & Korn, 1990) is equivalent to Conus limpusi Röckel & Korn, 1990
  • Asprella lyncea (G.B. Sowerby II, 1858) is equivalent to Conus lynceus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  • Asprella neptunus (Reeve, 1843) is equivalent to Conus neptunus Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella nigromaculata (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992) is equivalent to Conus nigromaculatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992
  • Asprella ochroleuca (Gmelin, 1791) is equivalent to Conus ochroleucus Gmelin, 1791
  • Asprella oishii Shikama, 1977 is equivalent to Conus oishii (Shikama, 1977)
  • Asprella pergrandis (Iredale, 1937) is equivalent to Conus pergrandis (Iredale, 1937)
  • Asprella petergabrieli (Lorenz, 2006) is equivalent to Conus petergabrieli Lorenz, 2006
  • Asprella pretiosa (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874) is equivalent to Conus pretiosus G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874
  • Asprella prima (Röckel & Korn, 1990) is equivalent to Conus primus Röckel & Korn, 1990
  • Asprella pseudokimioi (da Motta & Martin, 1982) is equivalent to Conus pseudokimioi da Motta & Martin, 1982
  • Asprella quiquandoni (Lorenz & Martin, 2008) is equivalent to Conus quiquandoni Lorenz & Barbier, 2008
  • Asprella ranongana (da Motta, 1978) is equivalent to Conus ranonganus da Motta, 1978
  • Asprella richeri (Richard & Moolenbeek, 1988) is equivalent to Conus richeri Richard & Moolenbeek, 1988
  • Asprella spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758) is equivalent to Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758
  • Asprella sulcata (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) is equivalent to Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  • Asprella sulcocastanea (Kosuge, 1981) is equivalent to Conus sulcocastaneus Kosuge, 1981
  • Asprella tisii (T.C. Lan, 1978) is equivalent to Conus tisii T.C. Lan, 1978
  • Asprella traversiana (E.A. Smith, 1875) is equivalent to Conus traversianus E. A. Smith, 1875
  • Asprella wittigi (Walls, 1977) is equivalent to Conus wittigi Walls, 1977

The following species were synonymized, and are not properly within Asprella:[1]

  • Asprella alabasteroides Shikama, 1963 was accepted as Conus australis Holten, 1802
  • Asprella ichinoseana Kuroda, 1956 was accepted as Conus ichinoseanus(Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella memiae Habe & Kosuge, 1970 was accepted as Conus memiae (Habe & Kosuge, 1970)
  • Asprella prioris Kuroda, 1956 was accepted as Conus ichinoseanus (Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella tannaensis Cotton, 1945 was accepted as Conus excelsus G. B. Sowerby III, 1908
  • Asprella teramachii Kuroda, 1956 was accepted as Conus teramachii (Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella wakayamaensis Kuroda, 1956 was accepted as Conus wakayamaensis(Kuroda, 1956)

[edit] Significance of "alternative representation"

Prior to 2009, all species within the family Conidae were placed in one genus Conus. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails. This classification was based upon shell morphology, radular differences, anatomy, physiology, cladistics, with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies.[2] Published accounts of genera within the Conidae that include the genus Asprella include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011).[3]

Testing in order to try to understand the molecular phylogeny of the Conidae was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn,[4] and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing.

However, in 2011, some experts still prefer to use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in Conus within the single family Conidae: for example, according to the current November 2011 version of the World Register of Marine Species, all species within the family Conidae are in the genus Conus. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species as "alternative representations."[5] Debate within the scientific community regarding this issue continues, and additional molecular phylogeny studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.[2][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e Asprella Schaufuss, 1869..  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204071.
  2. ^ a b c d e Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp.
  3. ^ Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
  4. ^ Interview of Professor Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html
  5. ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14107 Classification: Traditionally, all cone shells have been included in the Linnaean genus Conus. Tucker & Tenorio (2009) have recently proposed an alternative shell- and radula-based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones. In WoRMS, we currently still recognize a single family Conidae (following Puillandre et al. 2011), but Tucker & Tenorio's 80 genera classification is presented as "alternative representation". [P. Bouchet, 14 Aug. 2011]
  6. ^ C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa, Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135
  7. ^ P. Bouchet, Yu I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, and N. Puillandre (March 2011), A New Operational Classification of the Conoidea, Journal of Molluscan Studies 77:273-308, at p. 275.
  8. ^ N. Puillandre, E. Strong, P. Bouchet, M. Boisselier, V. Couloux, & S. Samadi (2009), Identifying gastropod spawn from DNA barcodes: possible but not yet practicable, Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1311-1321.
  9. ^ P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution. Mollecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.
  10. ^ S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific? Evolution 62:1618-1634.
  11. ^ R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.
  12. ^ T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.
  13. ^ T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock, Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.
  14. ^ B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae), Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.

[edit] Further reading

  • Kohn A. A. (1992). Chronological Taxonomy of Conus, 1758-1840". Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
  • Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). The Cone Collector 1: 1-28.
  • Berschauer D. (2010). Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family The Cone Collector 15: pp. 51-54
  • Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea), Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350-363.

[edit] External links

External identifiers for Asprella
WoRMS 204071
Wikispecies has information related to: Conus (Asprella)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asprella&oldid=472189211"
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