Automotive industry

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The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide.[1]

In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new automobiles were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million in Asia-Pacific, 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa.[2] The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South America and other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, Russia, Brazil, India and China saw the most rapid growth.

About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.[3] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.[4][5][6] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.

In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage.[7] Roughly half of the US's fifty-one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade.[8] Combined with robust growth in China, in 2009, this resulted in China becoming the largest automobile market in the world.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Australia

Main article: Automotive industry in Australia

Australia first began to produce cars in 1897 with cars made by Tarrant Motor & Engineering Co.[9] The first major Australian carmaker was the Ford Motor Company of Australia, followed by Holden.

[edit] Brazil

Main article: Automotive industry in Brazil

The Brazilian automotive industry produced almost 3 million vehicles in 2007. Most of large global companies are present in Brazil; such as Fiat, Volkswagen Group, Ford, General Motors, Nissan, Toyota, MAN SE, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz, Renault etc, and also the emerging national companies such as Troller, Marcopolo S.A., Agrale, Randon S.A. among others.

The Brazilian industry in regulated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (automobiles, light vehicles, trucks and buses) and agriculture machines with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris.

[edit] Canada

Main article: Automotive industry in Canada

Canada is currently the 9th largest auto producer in the world, down from 7th a few years ago. Brazil and Spain recently surpassed Canadian production for the first time ever. Canada's highest ranking ever was 2nd largest producer in the world between 1918 and 1923. The Canadian auto industry traces its roots to the very beginning of the automobile. The first large-scale production of automobiles in Canada took place in Walkerville, near Windsor, Ontario in 1904. In the first year of operations, Gordon McGregor and Wallace Campbell, along with a handful of workmen produced 117 Model "C" Ford vehicles at the Walkerville Wagon Works factory. Through marquees such as Brooks Steam, Redpath, Tudhope, McKay, Galt Gas-Electric, Gray-Dort, Brockville Atlas, C.C.M., and McLaughlin, Canada had many domestic auto brands. In 1918 McLaughlin was bought by an American firm, General Motors, and was re-branded as General Motors of Canada. Driven by the demands of World War I, Canada's automotive industry had grown, by 1923, into the second-largest in the world, although it was still made up of relatively inefficient plants producing many models behind a high tariff wall. High consumer prices and production inefficiencies characterized the Canadian auto industry prior to the signing of the 1965 Automotive Products Trade Agreement with the United States. The 1964 Automotive Products Trade Agreement or “Auto Pact” represents the single most important factor in making the Canadian automotive industry what it is today: a strong, successful industry that has a significant positive impact on the Canadian economy. Key features of the Auto Pact were the 1:1 production to sales ratio and Canadian Value Added requirements. Magna International is Canada's biggest domestic firm in the sector, and is the world's third-largest auto parts firm, producing entire vehicles at its Magna Steyr plant in Austria.

[edit] China

Main article: Automotive industry in China

China's automobile industry has been developing rapidly since the year 2000. In 2008, 9.345 million motor vehicles were manufactured in China, surpassing the United States as the second largest automobile maker, after Japan. Moreover, due to the current financial crisis, China was the largest automobile market and manufacturer in the world for the first ten months of year 2009, with total sales of 10.891 million, and total production of 10.873 million vehicles. China probably will surpass United States and become the largest car market for the whole year of 2009. The top eight car sellers for the first nine months of 2009 are General Motors, Volkswagen, Hyundai, Chana, Nissan, Chery, BYD and Toyota.[citation needed]

[edit] Germany

Main article: Automotive industry in Germany
Volkswagen assembly line, Wolfsburg, in 1973

The petrol engined automobile was invented in Germany by Karl Benz. Furthermore, the four-stroke internal combustion engine used in most automobiles worldwide today was invented by Nikolaus Otto in Germany. In addition, the diesel engine was also invented by German Rudolf Diesel.

Germany is famous for the high-performance and high-quality sports cars made by Porsche, and the cars of Mercedes, Audi and BMW are famous for their quality and technological innovation. Daimler-Benz's predecessor Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft was the industry's oldest firm, Daimler-Benz company dates from 1926. In 1998, it bought the American automobile manufacturer Chrysler, then sold out in 2007 at a heavy loss, as it never managed to bring the division to long term profitability.

In the popular market, Opel and Volkswagen are most well known. Opel was a bicycle company that started making cars in 1898; General Motors bought it out in 1929, but the Nazi government took control, and GM wrote off its entire investment. In 1948, GM returned and restored the Opel brand. Volkswagen is dominant in the popular market; it purchased Audi in 1964, which eventually lead to the formation of todays' Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen's most famous car was the small, beetle-shaped economical "people's car", with a rear-mounted, air-cooled engine. It was designed in the 1930s by Ferdinand Porsche upon orders from Adolf Hitler, who was himself a car enthusiast. However, production models only appeared after the war; until then, only rich Germans had automobiles. By 1950, Volkswagen was the largest German automobile producer.[10] Today, the Group is one of the three biggest automotive companies in the world, and the largest in Europe; and is now part-owned by Porsche Automobil Holding SE. In the meantime, ten different car manufacturers belong to the multicorporate enterprise: Porsche AG, Volkswagen, Audi AG, Bugatti Automobiles SAS, Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Bentley Motors Limited, Škoda Auto, SEAT, S.A., along with truck makers MAN AG and Scania AB.

Germany is famous for its upscale saloons. They feature advanced suspension systems that provide both a soft ride, and good handling characteristics. Many manufacturers limit their automobiles electronically to driving speeds of 250 kilometres per hour (155 mph) for safety reasons. For factory-tuned models like Mercedes-AMG from Mercedes Benz, Audi RS from quattro GmbH, and BMW M from BMW M GmbH, for an additional payment, it is possible to derestrict their top speed, so that the fastest models easily reach more than 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph).

[edit] India

Main article: Automotive industry in India

An embryonic automotive industry started in India in the 1940s. However, for the next 50 years, the growth of the industry was hobbled by the Socialist policies and the bureaucratic hurdles of the license raj. Following economic liberalisation in India from 1991, and the gradual easing of restrictions on industry, India has seen a dynamic 17% annual growth in automobile production and 30% annual growth in exports of automotive components and automobiles. India produces around 2 Million automobiles currently.Largest company in India is TATA and Mahindra & Mahindra. Total turnover of the Indian automobile industry is expected to grow from USD 34 Billion in 2006 to USD 122 Billion in 2016.[11] Tata Motors has just launched Tata Nano, the cheapest car in the world at USD 2200.[12] Recently India has overtaken China in global auto exports of compact car this year . Suzuki Motor Corp, Hyundai Motor Co, and Nissan Motor Co are making India a manufacturing hub of minicars.

[edit] Italy

Main article: Automotive industry in Italy

The automotive industry in Italy began with the construction of the first FIAT plant (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino) in 1899 by Giovanni Agnelli. In the following years at least 50 other manufacturers appeared, the best known being Isotta Fraschini in 1900, Lancia in 1906, Alfa Romeo in 1910, Maserati in 1914, Ferrari in 1939, and Lamborghini in 1963. During the first and the second World Wars and the economic crisis of the 70's, many of these brands disappeared or were bought by Fiat or foreign manufacturers. Today the Italian automotive industry boasts a wide range of products, from very compact city cars to sport supercars such as Ferrari and Maserati. As of June 2009 Fiat also holds roughly 20% stake in the American brand Chrysler.

[edit] Japan

Main article: Automotive industry in Japan

Japan, with its large population squeezed into very high density cities with good public transit, has limited roadways that carry very heavy traffic. Hence, most automobiles are small in terms of size and weight. From a humble beginning, Japan is now the biggest auto manufacturing country in the world. Nissan began making trucks in 1914, and sold cars under the Datsun brand until it switched to Nissan in the 1980s. It opened its first U.S. plant in Tennessee in the early 1980s, and a U.K. plant in 1986. In the North American markets, its luxury models carry the brand Infiniti. Honda, which began with motorcycles, emerged after World War II. In the North American markets, its luxury vehicles are sold under the Acura brand. Toyota began making cars in the 1930s, and is now the world's largest producer. The Toyota Corolla is the world's best selling nameplate. Its luxury models carry the Lexus brand. Toyota is famous for its innovative, quality-conscious management style, and its hybrid gas-electric vehicles, especially the Prius, which was launched in 1997. Other major companies include Subaru, Mitsubishi, Mazda, Daihatsu, Suzuki, and Isuzu. Japan's production of cars increased from 3.179 million to 7.038 million between 1970 and 1980, while demand for larger American cars was disastrously falling.[13] Japanese cars are often credited with superior reliability and dependability, efficiency, and advanced technology.

[edit] South Korea

Main article: Automotive industry in South Korea
Assembly line at Hyundai Motor Company car factory in Ulsan, South Korea.

The South Korean automobile industry is today the fifth largest in the world in terms of production volume and the sixth largest in terms of export volume. 50 years ago, its initial operations were merely the assembling of parts imported from Japan and the United States. The Hyundai Kia Automotive Group is today the second largest automaker in Asia, after Toyota. Annual domestic output exceeded one million units in 1988. In the 1990s, the industry manufactured numerous in-house models, demonstrating not only its capabilities, and signaling its coming of age thanks to the heavy investment to infrastructure in the country over the decades. The quality of their automobiles has improved dramatically in recent years, gaining international recognition. Hyundai has been named the 2009 North American car of the year.

[edit] Spain

Main article: Automotive industry in Spain

In 2009 the automotive industry generated 3.5 percent of the country`s GDP and gave employment to about nine percent of the working population. Spain is on the eight place in car manufacturing countries, but 2008 and 2009 showed a decrease in car production. The downward spiral started about ten year ago, with an abandoning policy of many consecutive governments. The result has been the loss of all Spanish car brands manufacturers, which are now in hands of foreign companies.

[edit] Thailand

Main article: Automotive industry in Thailand

The Thai-based automobile manufacturer is ThaiRung or well-known as TR, manufactured by Thai Rung Union Car Public Co. Ltd. (TRU). The company was established in 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. Original name was Thai Rung Engineering Co. Ltd., and changed its name to Thai Rung Union Car Co. Ltd. in 1973. TRU was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand in 1994. TRU business is ranging from product design and development, automotive parts manufacturing, industrial equiptemnts manufacturing, car assembly lines and financial business. Some discontinued TR vans powered by Land Rover engine in combination with Thai-developed body design and platform. Modern TR cars are built on small or medium trucks base into SUV or seven-seat multi-purpose vehicles using TR-owned technology, design, development and assembly skills. The current models are 2009 TR Adventure and TR Allroader.

[edit] United Kingdom

Main article: Automotive industry in the United Kingdom
Lotus Cars final assembly line

The British motor industry has always been export oriented. Today it employs about 850,000 people and produces about 1.5 million cars and 216,000 commercial vehicles per year, 75% of which are exported.[14] The top five UK car producers are Nissan, Toyota, Honda, MINI and Land Rover.[15] However, international competitiveness of UK cars has declined consistently since the 1990s and the country became unable to sustain production on par with Germany or France. Since 2000, motor vehicle production fell from 1,813,894 to 1,750,253.[16] The country has been overtaken by fast industrialising economies such as Brazil, India and Mexico.[16] The UK is the 13th largest automobile producer in the world.[16]

[edit] United States

Main article: Automotive industry in the United States
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[edit] Crisis in the auto industry

Main article: Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009

[edit] World motor vehicle production

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
v • d • e
« previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2008 next year »
Motor vehicle production (1000 units)
Country 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000
 Japan 11564
 PR China 9345
 United States 8705
 Germany 6041
 South Korea 3807
 Brazil 3220
 France 2569
 Spain 2542
 India 2315
 Mexico 2191
 Canada 2078
 Russia 1790
 UK 1650
 Thailand 1394
 Turkey 1147
 Iran 1051
 Italy 1024
 Poland 951
 Czech Rep. 946
 Belgium 724
Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
v • d • e
« previous year — Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2008
Total motor vehicle production
Group 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000
Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles Heavy Buses
Toyota 9,237,780
General Motors 8,282,803
Volkswagen* 6,517,288
Ford 5,407,000
Honda 3,912,700
Nissan 3,395,065
PSA 3,325,407
Hyundai** 2,777,137
Suzuki 2,623,567
Fiat 2,524,325
Renault 2,417,351
Daimler 2,174,299
Chrysler 1,893,068
B.M.W. 1,439,918
Kia** 1,395,324
Mazda 1,349,274
Mitsubishi 1,309,231
AvtoVAZ 801,563
Tata 798,265
FAW 637,720
Fuji 616,497
Isuzu 538,810
Chana Automobile 531,149
Dongfeng 489,266
Beijing Automotive 446,680
Chery 350,560
SAIC 282,003
Volvo 248,991
Brilliance 241,553
Harbin Hafei 226,754
Geely 220,955
Anhui Jianghuai 207,711
BYD 192,971
GAZ 187,053
Mahindra 162,816
Proton 157,306
Great Wall 129,651
Paccar 125,084
Chongqing Lifan 122,783
M.A.N. 108,053
Jiangxi Changhe 107,422
China National 106,377
Porsche 96,721
LUAZ 90,548
Navistar 90,264
Shannxi Auto 75,220
UAZ 72,181
Ashok Leyland 71,485
Kuozui 67,891
Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles Heavy Buses
Total global production: 69,561,356
Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers 2008". OICA. July 2009. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/world-ranking-2008.pdf. 

*Volkswagen Group total includes Scania production figures, which OICA lists separately. Scania is a VW Group subsidiary.
**Hyundai Kia Automotive Group and Kia Motors are listed separately as the former owns only 38.67% of the latter.


[edit] Company relationships

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It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:

[edit] Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)

The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2008 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)[21] for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque.

Marque Country of origin Ownership Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu Japan Subsidiary Global, except North America and Australia
Hino Japan Subsidiary Asia Pacific, North America and South America
Lexus Japan Division Global except India
Scion United States Division North America
Toyota Japan Division Global
2. General Motors Company ( United States)
Buick United States Division North America, China, Israel, Taiwan
Cadillac United States Division Global, except South America, India, SE Asia, Australia
Chevrolet United States Division Global, except Australia
Daewoo South Korea Subsidiary South Korea
GMC United States Division North America, Middle East
Holden Australia Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand
Hummer* United States Division Global, except South America, China, India
Opel Germany Division Europe (except UK), Russia, South Africa, Mid East, China, India
Pontiac* United States Division North America
Saab* Sweden Subsidiary Global, except India, South America
Saturn* United States Subsidiary North America
Vauxhall United Kingdom Subsidiary United Kingdom
3. Porsche Automobil Holding SE** ( Germany)
Audi Germany Subsidiary Global
Bentley United Kingdom Subsidiary Global
Bugatti France Subsidiary Global
Lamborghini Italy Subsidiary Global
Porsche Germany Subsidiary Global
Scania Sweden Subsidiary Global
SEAT Spain Subsidiary Europe, South America, North Africa, Lebanon
Škoda Czech Republic Subsidiary Global, except North America and South Africa
Volkswagen Germany Subsidiary Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Germany Subsidiary Global
4. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford United States Division Global
Lincoln United States Division North America, Middle East, South Korea
Mercury United States Division United States, Mexico, Middle East
Troller Brazil Subsidiary South America and Africa
Volvo*** Sweden Subsidiary Global
5. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura Japan Division North America, China, Russia
Honda Japan Division Global
6. Nissan Motor Company ( Japan)
Infiniti Japan Division Global, except South America and Africa
Nissan Japan Division Global
7. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)
Citroën France Subsidiary Global, except North America, India
Peugeot France Subsidiary Global, except North America, India
8. Hyundai Motor Company ( South Korea)
Hyundai South Korea Division Global
9. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Maruti Suzuki India Subsidiary India, Middle East, South America
Suzuki Japan Division Global
10. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy)
Abarth Italy Subsidiary Global, except North America
Alfa Romeo Italy Subsidiary Global
Ferrari Italy Subsidiary Global
Fiat Italy Subsidiary Global, except North America
Fiat Professional Italy Subsidiary Global, except North America
Irisbus France Subsidiary Global, except North America
Iveco Italy Subsidiary Global, except North America
Lancia Italy Subsidiary Europe
Maserati Italy Subsidiary Global
11. Renault S.A. ( France)
Dacia Romania Subsidiary Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa
Renault (cars) France Division Global, except North America, India
Renault Samsung South Korea Subsidiary Asia, South America
12. Daimler AG ( Germany)
Freightliner United States Subsidiary North America, South Africa
Maybach Germany Division Global
Mercedes-AMG Germany Division Global
Mercedes-Benz Germany Division Global
Mitsubishi Fuso Japan Subsidiary Global
Orion Canada Subsidiary North America
Setra Germany Subsidiary Europe
Smart Germany Division North America, Europe, Southeast Asia, South Africa
Thomas Built United States Subsidiary North America
Western Star United States Subsidiary North America
13. Chrysler Group LLC ( United States)
Chrysler United States Division Global
Dodge United States Division Global
GEM United States Division North America
Jeep United States Division Global
14. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW Germany Division Global
MINI United Kingdom Division Global
Rolls-Royce United Kingdom Subsidiary Global
15. Kia Motors Corporation ( South Korea)
Kia South Korea Division Global
16. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda Japan Division Global
17. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi Japan Division Global
18. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada Russia Division Russia, Europe, North Africa
VAZ Russia Division Russia, Europe
19. Tata Motors Ltd ( India)
Daimler United Kingdom Subsidiary United Kingdom
Hispano Spain Subsidiary Europe
Jaguar United Kingdom Subsidiary Global
Land Rover United Kingdom Subsidiary Global
Tata India Division India, South Africa
Tata Daewoo South Korea Subsidiary South Korea
20. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Besturn People's Republic of China Division China
Freewind People's Republic of China Subsidiary China
Haima People's Republic of China Subsidiary China
Hongqi People's Republic of China Division China
Jiaxing People's Republic of China Subsidiary China
Vita People's Republic of China Subsidiary China
Xiali People's Republic of China Subsidiary China
21. Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd ( Japan)
Subaru Japan Division Global
22. Isuzu Motors Ltd ( Japan)
Isuzu Japan Division Global, except North America
23. Chana Automobile Company Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chana People's Republic of China Division China, South Africa
24. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Dongfeng People's Republic of China Division China
25. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
BAW People's Republic of China Division China
Foton People's Republic of China Subsidiary China
26. Chery Automobile Company Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chery People's Republic of China Division China, Africa, Southeast Asia, Russia
27. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
MG United Kingdom Subsidiary United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina
Roewe People's Republic of China Division China
Soyat People's Republic of China Division China
SsangYong South Korea Subsidiary South Korea, South Africa, Europe, Australia
Yuejin People's Republic of China Division China
28. AB Volvo ( Sweden)
Mack United States Subsidiary Global
Nissan Diesel Japan Subsidiary Global
NovaBus Canada Subsidiary North America
Prevost Canada Subsidiary North America
Renault (trucks) France Subsidiary Global
Volvo (trucks) Sweden Division Global
29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Brilliance People's Republic of China Division China, North Africa
Jinbei People's Republic of China Subsidiary China
30. Harbin Hafei Automobile Industry Group Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Hafei People's Republic of China Division China
31. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Geely People's Republic of China Division China, Russia, North Africa
Maple People's Republic of China Division China
32. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
JAC People's Republic of China Division China
33. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China)
BYD People's Republic of China Division China, Russia
34. GAZ Group ( Russia)
GAZ Russia Division Russia
KAvZ Russia Subsidiary Russia
LiAZ Russia Subsidiary Russia
Ural Russia Subsidiary Russia
35. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd ( India)
Mahindra India Division India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa
36. Proton Holdings Bhd ( Malaysia)
Proton Malaysia Division Asia, Australia, South Africa, UK
Lotus United Kingdom Subsidiary Global
37. Great Wall Motor Company Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Great Wall People's Republic of China Division China, South Africa, Russia, North Africa
38. Paccar Inc ( United States)
DAF Netherlands Subsidiary Global, except North America
Kenworth United States Division North America
Leyland United Kingdom Subsidiary Europe
Peterbilt United States Division North America
39. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Lifan People's Republic of China Division China
40. MAN SE ( Germany)
MAN Germany Division Europe
Neoplan Germany Division Europe and Middle East
Volkswagen (trucks) Brazil Division South America
41. Jiangxi Changhe Automobile Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Changhe People's Republic of China Division China
42. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Company Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Sinotruk Hong Kong Division China
43. LuAZ ( Ukraine)
LuAZ Ukraine Subsidiary Ukraine
44. Navistar International Corporation ( United States)
IC United States Subsidiary North America
International United States Division North America
45. Shaanxi Automobile Group Company Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Shaanxi People's Republic of China Division China
46. UAZ OJSC ( Russia)
UAZ Russia Subsidiary Russia
47. Ashok Leyland ( India)
Ashok Leyland India Division India
48. Kuozui Motors Ltd ( Taiwan)
Kuozui Republic of China Subsidiary Taiwan

[edit] Notes

* General Motors has sold Hummer to Sichuan Tengzhong; is in the process of selling Saab; and is in the process of eliminating Pontiac and Saturn.[citation needed]

** Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.8 percent share in the Volkswagen Group. However, Volkswagen Group will acquire Porsche AG, the automotive manufacturer under a new "Integrated Automotive Group". This merger/acquisition is expected to be fully completed in mid-2011.[22][23]

*** Ford is in the process of selling Volvo to Geely Automobile.[citation needed]

[edit] Minor automotive manufacturers

Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups

There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.

[edit] See also

Search Wiktionary Look up automotive industry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

[edit] References

  1. ^ "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country: 2007-2008". OICA. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/. 
  2. ^ "2008 Global Market Data Book", Automotive News, p.5
  3. ^ Plunkett Research, "Automobile Industry Introduction" (2008)
  4. ^ Kenworthy, J R (2004). "Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Emissions in Urban Passenger Transport Systems" (PDF). Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy. http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/Transport_Greenhouse.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
  5. ^ World Health Organisation, Europe. "Health effects of transport". http://www.euro.who.int/transport/hia/20021009_2. Retrieved 2008-08-29. 
  6. ^ Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Prime Minister (UK). "Making the Connections - final report on transport and social exclusion" (PDF). http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carplus.org.uk%2FResources%2Fpdf%2FMaking_the_Connections_Final_Report_on_Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf&ei=SzLBSbDFKYHaMbvwgK0N&usg=AFQjCNFCbKeT7rQ0zt7aOL5K-1OTXBm9EA&sig2=o-ASe9xe84uOEJTQt-DxuQ. Retrieved 2003-02-01. 
  7. ^ IBISWorld Newsletter, June 2008, GLOBAL TRENDS Oil – The Crude Reality of Current trends, IBISWorld
  8. ^ Jeff Rubin (2009-03-02). "Wrong Turn" (PDF). CIBC World Markets. http://research.cibcwm.com/economic_public/download/sfeb09.pdf. 
  9. ^ http://www.cars.com.au/the-boot/australian-car-history.html
  10. ^ Terry Shuler, Volkswagen: Then, Now and Forever(1997)
  11. ^ Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises Government of India (2006). "Draft Automotive Mission Plan". dhi.nic.in. http://www.dhi.nic.in/draft_automotive_mission_plan.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 
  12. ^ NICK KURCZEWSKI (2009). "Behind the Wheel". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/automobiles/autoreviews/28NANO.html?scp=2&sq=tata%20nano&st=cse. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 
  13. ^ Fuss M A and Waverman L Costs and productivity in automobile production: the challenge of Japanese efficiency Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0521341418, 780521341417. P.225
  14. ^ "Record breaking figures for 2007 UK vehicle production". SMMT. 2008-01-25. http://www.smmt.co.uk/articles/article.cfm?articleid=16852. Retrieved 2008-11-19. 
  15. ^ "Motor Industry Facts 2008" (PDF). SMMT. http://www.smmt.co.uk/downloads/MotorIndustryFacts2008.pdf. 
  16. ^ a b c "List of countries by motor vehicle production - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production. Retrieved 2009-05-01. 
  17. ^ "Guide to global automaker partnerships" (PDF). msxi.nl. http://www.msxi.nl/quantum_cms/_media/c5ac9bd746b96200.2007_global_automaker_partnerships.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  18. ^ "Chrysler files for bankruptcy, Fiat develop plan". google.com/hostednews. Agence France-Presse. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gJ99twhZUKm3Sce_KgP8z2ba91rw. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 
  19. ^ [1] Kia Investor Relations[dead link]
  20. ^ www.gm.com
  21. ^ "World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers 2008" (PDF). OICA. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/world-ranking-2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-27. 
  22. ^ Porsche Automobil Holding SE, Stuttgart (20 November 2009). "Porsche Supervisory Board agrees on the contracts of implementation". Press release. http://www.porsche-se.com/pho/en/news/?pool=pho&id=2009-11-20. Retrieved 22 November 2009. 
  23. ^ Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (13 August 2009). "Volkswagen Supervisory Board approves Comprehensive Agreement for an Integrated Automotive Group with Porsche". Press release. http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2009/08/Volkswagen_Aufsichtsrat_stimmt_Grundlagenvereinbarung_fuer.html. Retrieved 22 November 2009. 

[edit] External links

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