Ayoreo people
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The Ayoreo (Ayoreode,[3] Ayoréo, Ayoréode) are a native ethnic group living on Gran Chaco,[4][5] in an area among rivers Paraguay, Pilcomayo, Parapetí and Grande, stretching both in Bolivia and Paraguay. They speak the Ayoreo language, which is classified under Zamucoan, a small language family of Paraguay and Bolivia. Ayoreo combine hunter-gatherer lifestyle with farming, depending on the season of the year. There are records about a kind of shamanism (“nainai”, shaman).[6][7]
There are several subgroups, for example Totobiegosode were isolated, but many of them have been eventually relocated forcibly, while some remnants still keep avoiding contact.[8] Some groups still live uncontacted (or in voluntary isolation),[9][10] being the only extant uncontacted tribes in South America not living in the Amazon.[11]
In 2010, an expedition in search of new species of plants and insects, organised by the Natural History Museum in London, was suspended when concerns were raised that Ayoreo people might be encountered and disturbed.[12]
In Bolivia, the Ayoreo people are represented by the organization CANOB (Central Ayoreo Nativo del Oriente Boliviano). In 2002 an Ayoreo organization was founded in Paraguay, UNAP (Unión Nativa Ayoreo del Paraguay). CANOB has its main office in Santa Cruz de la Sierra whilst UNAP has its headquarters at the frontier between the Campo Loro and Ebetogué regions.[13]
[edit] Notes
- ^ "Población indígena total por lugar de nacimiento, según etnia, área de residencia urbana-rural, sexo y edad, 2002." (in Spanish). II Censo Nacional Indigena de Población y Viviendas 2002. DGEEC.
- ^ Wigberto Rivero Pinto. "Ayoreo - DATOS GENERALES" (in Spanish). Pueblos Indigenas de Bolivia. http://www.amazonia.bo/mas_detalle_proi.php?id_contenido=3.
- ^ WRM 2005
- ^ fPcN 2004, 0:25
- ^ Bremen 2000, p. 275
- ^ Sebag 1965a
- ^ Sebag 1965b
- ^ Survival International 2009
- ^ Iniciativa Amotocodie 2005–2007
- ^ Survival International, Before contact
- ^ Vidal, John (October 5, 2010). "Chaco deforestation by Christian sect puts Paraguayan land under threat". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/05/chaco-paraguay-deforestation.
- ^ Museum halts Paraguay mission after fears over tribe, BBC News, 15 November 2010
- ^ Braunstein, José, and Norma C. Meichtry. Liderazgo, representatividad y control social en el Gran Chaco. [Corrientes]: Editorial universitaria de la Universidad nacional del Nordeste, 2008. 106
[edit] References
- Bremen, Voker von (2000). "Dynamics of Adaptation to Market Economy among the Ayoréode of Northwest Paraguay". In Schweitzer, Peter P.; Biesele, Megan; Hitchcock, Robert K.. Hunters & Gatherers in the Modern World. Conflict, Resistance, and Self-Determination. Berghahn Books. pp. 275–286. ISBN 157181101X. http://books.google.com/books?id=1srv3__c1j8C&pg=PA275.
- fPcN Germany (2004) (Both downloadable and streamed video). Gran Chaco: The wilderness die (Documentary). Friends of Peoples close to Nature. http://fpcn-global.org/content/Gran-Chaco-The-wilderness-die-2004-43min-German-language. (German)
- Iniciativa Amotocodie (2005–2007). "The Ethnic Group of the Ayoreo". http://www.iniciativa-amotocodie.org/en/sif/the-ayoreo.html.
- Sebag, Lucien (1965a). "Le chamanisme ayoréo" (in French). L'Homme. Revue Française d'Anthropologie (Paris) 5 (1): 5–32. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/hom_0439-4216_1965_num_5_1_366686.
- Sebag, Lucien (1965b). "Le chamanisme ayoréo (II)" (in French). L'Homme. Revue Française d'Anthropologie (Paris) 5 (2): 92–122. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/hom_0439-4216_1965_num_5_2_366715.
- Survival International (2009). "The Ayoreo-Totobiegosode". Survival International • The movement for tribal peoples. http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/ayoreo. The site includes news, images, songs.
- Survival International. "Before contact — on the run". http://www.survival-international.org/campaigns/uncontactedtribes/ontherun.
- WRM (July 2005). "Paraguay: Two pieces of good news for the Totobiegosode and for Humanity". World Rainforest Movement. http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/96/Paraguay.html.
[edit] External links
- fPcN Germany (2004) (Both downloadable and streamed video). Gran Chaco: The wilderness die (Documentary). Friends of Peoples Close to Nature. http://fpcn-global.org/content/Gran-Chaco-The-wilderness-die-2004-43min-German-language. (German)
- (streamed video) Ayoreo man recounts first encounter with bulldozer. Survival International. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0O0aeINaHk.
- "The Ayoreo-Totobiegosode". Survival International • The movement for tribal peoples. http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/ayoreo. The site includes news, images, songs.
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