Babesiosis: Difference between revisions
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A reported increase in babesiosis diagnoses in the 2000s is thought to be caused by more widespread testing and higher numbers of people with immunodeficiencies coming in contact with ticks, the disease vector.<ref name="Hunfeld"/> Little is known about the occurrence of ''Babesia'' species in malaria-[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas, where ''Babesia'' can easily be misdiagnosed as ''[[Plasmodium]]''. |
A reported increase in babesiosis diagnoses in the 2000s is thought to be caused by more widespread testing and higher numbers of people with immunodeficiencies coming in contact with ticks, the disease vector.<ref name="Hunfeld"/> Little is known about the occurrence of ''Babesia'' species in malaria-[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas, where ''Babesia'' can easily be misdiagnosed as ''[[Plasmodium]]''. |
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== Pathophysiology == |
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[[Image:Babesia life cycle human en.svg|thumb|left|300px|Babesia life cycle]] |
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''Babesia'' parasites reproduce in [[red blood cell]]s, where they can be seen as cross-shaped inclusions (4 [[merozoite]]s asexually budding but attached together forming a structure looking like a "[[Maltese Cross]]") <ref name="Noskoviak2008">{{cite journal | author =Noskoviak K, Broome E. | title = Images in clinical medicine. Babesiosis | journal = N Engl J Med. | volume = 358 | issue = 17 | pages = e19 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18434647 | doi =10.1056/NEJMicm070903 }}</ref> and cause [[hemolytic anemia]], quite similar to [[malaria]]. |
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Note that unlike the ''[[Plasmodium]]'' parasites that cause malaria, ''Babesia'' species lack an exo-erythrocytic phase, so the liver is usually not affected. |
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'''In animals''' ''Babesia canis rossi'', ''Babesia bigemina'', and ''Babesia bovis'' cause particularly severe forms of the disease that include a severe haemolytic anaemia, with positive erythrocyte-in-saline-agglutination test indicating an immune mediated component to the haemolysis. Common sequelae include haemoglobinuria "red-water", disseminated intravascular coaguation (DIC) and "cerebral babesiosis" caused by sludging of erythrocytes in cerebral capilaries. |
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== Diagnosis == |
== Diagnosis == |
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Revision as of 03:24, 9 October 2009
| Babesiosis | |
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| Specialty | Infectious diseases  |
Babesiosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms.[1] After trypanosomes, Babesia are thought to be the second most common blood parasites of mammals and they can have a major impact on health of domestic animals in areas without severe winters. Human babesiosis is uncommon, but reported cases have risen recently because of expanded medical awareness.[2]
Epidemiology
Babesiosis is a vector-borne illness usually transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Babesia microti uses the same tick vector, Ixodes scapularis, as Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis, and may occur in conjunction with these other diseases. In endemic areas, the organism can also be transmitted by blood transfusion.
In North America, the disease is prominently found in eastern Long-Island, its barrier island, Fire Island, and islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard off of the coast of Massachusetts. More generally it can be found the northern midwestern and New England states.[3][4][5][6] It is sometimes called "The Malaria of The Northeast." Cases of babesiosis have been reported in a wide range of European countries. Disease in Europe is usually due to infection with Babesia divergens, while in the United States Babesia microti and Babesia duncani are the species most commonly associated with human disease. Babesiosis has also been observed in Korea.[7]
Most cases of babesia infection are asymptomatic or include mild fevers and anemia and go unnoticed. In more severe cases, there are symptoms similar to malaria, with fevers up to 105°F / 40°C, shaking chills, and severe anemia (hemolytic anemia). Organ failure may follow including adult respiratory distress syndrome. Severe cases occur mostly in people who have had their spleen removed surgically. Severe cases are also more likely to occur in the very young, very old, and persons with immunodeficiency, such as HIV/AIDS patients. Some people with babesiosis have additional tick-borne illnesses, such as Lyme disease.[2].
A reported increase in babesiosis diagnoses in the 2000s is thought to be caused by more widespread testing and higher numbers of people with immunodeficiencies coming in contact with ticks, the disease vector.[2] Little is known about the occurrence of Babesia species in malaria-endemic areas, where Babesia can easily be misdiagnosed as Plasmodium.
Diagnosis
A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose babesiosis. Babesiosis develops only in patients who live in or travel to an endemic area or receive a contaminated blood transfusion within the preceding 9 weeks, so this aspect of the medical history is vital.[8] Babesiosis may be suspected when a person with such an exposure history develops persistent fevers and hemolytic anemia. The definitive diagnostic test for babesiosis is the identification of parasites on a Giemsa-stained thin blood smear.[8] So-called "Maltese cross formations" on the blood film are essentially diagnostic of babesiosis, since they are not seen in malaria, the primary differential diagnosis.[9] Careful examination of multiple blood smears may be necessary, since Babesia may infect less than 1% of circulating red blood cells and thus be easily overlooked.[10]
Serologic testing for antibodies against Babesia (both IgG and IgM) can detect low-level infection in cases where there is a high clinical suspicion but negative blood film examinations. Serology is also useful for differentiating babesiosis from malaria in cases where people are at risk for both infections. Since detectable antibody responses require approximately one week after infection to develop, serologic testing may be falsely negative early in the disease course.[11]
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test has been developed for the detection of Babesia from the peripheral blood.[12] PCR may be at least as sensitive and specific as blood film examination in diagnosing babesiosis, though it is also significantly more expensive.[13] Most often, PCR testing is used in conjunction with blood film examination and possibly serologic testing.[8]
Other laboratory findings include decreased numbers of red blood cells and platelets on complete blood count.
In animals Babesiosis is suspected by observation of clinical signs (haemoglobinuria and anaemia) in animals in endemic areas. Diagnosis is confirmed by observation of merozoites on thin film blood smear examined at maximum magnification under oil using Romonovski stains (methylene blue and eosin). This is a routine part of the veterinary examination of dogs and ruminants in regions where babesiosis is endemic.
Babesia canis and Babesia bigemina are "large babesias" that form paired merozoites in the erythrocytes , commonly described as resembling "two pears hanging together", rather than the "Maltese Cross" of the "small babesias". Their merozoites are approximately twice the size of small babesias.
Cerebral babesiosis is suspected in-vivo when neurological signs (often severe) are seen in cattle that are positive for babesia bovis on blood smear. Outspoken red discolouration of the grey matter on post-mortem further strengthens suspicion of cerebral babesiosis. Diagnosis is confirmed post-mortem by observation of babesia infected erythrocytes sludged in the cerebral cortical capilaries in a brain smear.
Treatment
Most cases of babesiosis resolve without any specific treatment. For ill patients, treatment is usually a two-drug regimen. The regimen of quinine and clindamycin has been used,[14] but is often poorly tolerated; recent evidence suggests that a regimen of atovaquone and azithromycin can be equally effective [15]. In life-threatening cases, exchange transfusion is performed. In this procedure, the infected red blood cells are removed and replaced with fresh ones.
Veterinary treatment of Babesiosis does not normally use antibiotics. In animals diminazen (Berenil), imidocarb or trypan blue would be the drugs of choice for treatment of Babesia canis rossi (Dogs in Africa), Babesia bovis, and Babesia bigemina (cattle in Southern Africa).
There is a vaccine that is effective against Babesia canis canis (dogs in the mediterranean region) but this is ineffective against Babesia canis rossi. Babesia imitans causes a mild form of the disease that frequently resolves without treatment (dogs in South East Asia).
See also
References
- ^ Herwaldt BL, Persing DH, Précigout EA; et al. (1996). "A fatal case of babesiosis in Missouri: Identification of another piroplasm that infect humans". Annals of Internal Medicine. 124 (7): 643–650.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) [1] - ^ a b c Hunfeld KP, Hildebrandt A, Gray JS (2008). "Babesiosis: Recent insights into an ancient disease". Int J Parasitol. 38 (11): 1219–37. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.001.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ AJ Giannini, HR Black , RL Goettsche. The Psychiatric, Psychogenic and Somatopsychic Disorders Handbook. Garden City, NY. Medical Examination Publishing Co., 1978, pg. 86. ISBN 0-87488-596-5.
- ^ Belluck, Pam (September 6, 2009). "Tick-Borne Illnesses Have Nantucket Considering Some Deer-Based Solutions". New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
- ^ "When to Suspect and How to Monitor Babesiosis". American Family Physician. American Academny of Family Physicians. May 15, 2001. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|aurthor=ignored (help) (Am Fam Physician 2001;63:1969-74,1976.) - ^ Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases (May 5, 2009). "Babesiosis Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kim JY, Cho SH, Joo HN; et al. (2007). "First case of human babesiosis in Korea: detection and characterization of a novel type of Babesia sp. (KO1) similar to ovine babesia". J. Clin. Microbiol. 45 (6): 2084–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.01334-06. PMC 1933034. PMID 17392446.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED; et al. (2006). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (9): 1089–134. doi:10.1086/508667. PMID 17029130.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Noskoviak2008was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Krause PJ (2003). "Babesiosis diagnosis and treatment". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 3 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1089/153036603765627451. PMID 12804380.
- ^ Krause PJ, Telford SR, Ryan R; et al. (1994). "Diagnosis of babesiosis: evaluation of a serologic test for the detection of Babesia microti antibody". J. Infect. Dis. 169 (4): 923–6. PMID 8133112.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Persing DH, Mathiesen D, Marshall WF; et al. (1992). "Detection of Babesia microti by polymerase chain reaction". J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 (8): 2097–103. PMC 265450. PMID 1500517.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Krause PJ, Telford S, Spielman A; et al. (1996). "Comparison of PCR with blood smear and inoculation of small animals for diagnosis of Babesia microti parasitemia". J. Clin. Microbiol. 34 (11): 2791–4. PMC 229405. PMID 8897184.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Setty S, Khalil Z, Schori P, Azar M, Ferrieri P (2003). "Babesiosis. Two atypical cases from Minnesota and a review". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 120 (4): 554–9. doi:10.1309/N3DP-9MFP-NUJD-4XJY. PMID 14560566.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Krause P, Lepore T, Sikand V, Gadbaw J, Burke G, Telford S, Brassard P, Pearl D, Azlanzadeh J, Christianson D, McGrath D, Spielman A (2000). "Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis". N Engl J Med. 343 (20): 1454–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011163432004. PMID 11078770.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Babesiosis.htm - Public domain source from which the first version of this article was derived.
- Babesiosis - Homer MJ, Aguilar-Delfin, I, et al., Clinical Microbiology Reviews, July 2000, p. 451-469, Vol. 13, No. 3