Bahá'í Faith by continent

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Bahá'í Faith
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The Bahá'í Faith is a diverse and widespread religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in the 19th century in Iran. Bahá'í sources usually estimate the worldwide Bahá'í population to be above 5 million.[1] Most encyclopedias and similar sources estimate between 5 and 6 million Bahá'ís in the world in the early 21st century.[2][3] In 1946, a great pioneer movement began with, for example, sixty percent of the British Bahá'í community eventually relocating.[4] See also the Ten Year Crusade. The religion is almost entirely contained in a single, organized, hierarchical community, but the Bahá'í population is spread out into almost every country and ethnicity in the world, being recognized as the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity.[2][5] See Bahá'í statistics. The only countries with no Bahá'ís documented as of 2008 are Vatican City and North Korea.[6] In July 1989 the religion entered Mongolia.[7] There is also no permanent Bahá'í population in Israel, as per religious instruction.

  It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2012.

Contents

Chronology [edit]

Year Number of NSAs[8][9][10]
1923 3
1936 10
1953 12
1963 70
1973 113
1979 125
1988 148
2001 182
2008 184

Below are dates of the establishment and recognition of National Spiritual Assemblies (NSA) from the Bahá'í point of view. Other than in predominantly Muslim counties, countries where there are no NSAs include where most any religious institution is illegal such as in North Korea. In 2008 there were 184 National Spiritual Assemblies and in 2006, there are 192 United Nations member states. Most of the below list comes from The Bahá'í Faith: 1844–1963.[11]

1923: British Isles, Germany, India

1924: Egypt

1925: United States of America and Canada

1931: Iraq

1934: Australia and New Zealand, Persia

1948: Canada

1953: Italy and Switzerland

1956: Central & East Africa, North West Africa, South & West Africa

1957: Alaska; Arabia; New Zealand; North East Asia (Japan), Pakistan, South East Asia; Mexico and the Republics of Central America; The Greater Antilles; The Republics of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela; The Republics of Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay & Bolivia; Scandinavia and Finland; the Benelux Countries; The Iberian Peninsula.

1958: France

1959: Austria, Burma, South Pacific, Turkey,

1961: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina.

1962: Belgium, Ceylon, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Switzerland

1964 Korea, Thailand, Vietnam

1967 Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Laos, Belize, Sikkim[12]

1969 Papua New Guinea

1972 Singapore

1974 Hong Kong, South East Arabia[13]

1975 Niger[8]

1977 Greece

1978 Burundi, Mauritania, the Bahamas, Oman, Qatar, the Mariana Islands, Cyprus[14]

1980: Transkei

1981 Namibia, and Bophuthatswana; the Leeward Islands, the Windward Islands, and Bermuda; Tuvalu. re-formation in Uganda[15]

1984: Cape Verde Islands, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, French Guiana, Grenada, Martinique, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Yemen, Canary Islands

1990: Macau[16]

1991 Czechoslovakia, Romania & Soviet Union

1992: Greenland, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Bielarus & Moldavia; Russia, Georgia & Armenia; Central Asia, Bulgaria, Baltic States, Albania, Poland, Hungary, Niger (re-elected) (as many new NSAs came into existence in this one year as all the NSAs that existed in 1953.)[17]

1994: Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Slovenia & Croatia,

1995: Eritrea, Armenia, Georgia, Belarus, Sicily.

1996: Sao Tome & Principe, Moldova, Nigeria[18]

1999: Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia

2004: Iraq reformed[19]

2008: Vietnam reformed[20]

Central America [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Central America

Countries [edit]

Barbados [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Barbados

The first Bahá'í to visit Barbados was Leonora Armstrong in 1927[21] while pioneers who moved to the island arrived by 1964.Since then Bahá'ís have participated in several projects for the benefit of the wider community and in 2001 various sources report up to 1.2% of the island,[22] about 3,500 citizens are Bahá'ís[23] though Bahá'í and government census data report far lower numbers.[24][25]

Costa Rica [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Costa Rica

The first pioneers began to settle in Coast Rica in 1940.[26] followed quickly by the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly being elected in San José in April 1941.[27] The National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961.[8] Bahá'ís sources as of 2009 the national community includes various peoples and tribes of over 4,000 members organized in groups in over 30 locations throughout the country.[26] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 13000 Bahá'ís in 2005.[28]

Dominica [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Dominica

The island of Dominica was specifically listed as an objective for plans on spreading the religion in 1939 Shoghi Effendi,[29] who succeeded `Abdu'l-Baha as head of the religion. Since then Bahá'ís have participated in several projects for the benefit of the wider community and in 2001 various sources report between less than 1.4%[25] up to 1.7% of the island's about 70,000 citizens are Bahá'ís.[23]

Haiti [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Haiti

The first Bahá'í to visit Haiti was Leonora Armstrong in 1927.[30] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 23000 Bahá'ís in Haiti in 2005.[28]

Jamaica [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Jamaica

The community of the Bahá'ís begins in 1942 with the arrival of Dr. Malcolm King.[31] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 5137 Bahá'ís in 2005.[28]

Panama [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Panama

The same year as the release of the Tablets of the Divine Plan in 1919 Martha Root's made a trip around South America and included Panama on the return leg of the trip up the west coast.[32] The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 41000 Bahá'ís in 2005[28] and the largest religious minority in the country.[33]

North America [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in North America

United States [edit]

In the United States, hosting one of the most prominent Bahá'í communities, the official estimate in Feb 2011 was 169,130 members on record, excluding Alaska and Hawai'i.[3]

Canada [edit]

The Canadian Bahá'í Community, according to its official website[34] consists of some 30,000 members across approximately 1200 communities throughout the 13 Canadian Provinces and Territories.

Mexico [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Mexico

The Bahá'í Faith in Mexico begins with visits of Bahá'ís before 1916.[27] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated almost 38,000 Bahá'ís in 2005.[28]

South America [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in South America

The Bahá'í Faith was introduced into South America in 1919 when Martha Root made an extended trip to Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru. She introduced the Bahá'í Faith to Esperantists and Theosophical groups and visited local newspapers to ask them to publish articles about the Bahá'í Faith. The first Bahá'í permanently resident in South America was Leonora Holstaple Armstrong, who arrived in Brazil in 1921. The first Seven Year Plan (1937–44), an international plan organized by the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith, Shoghi Effendi, gave the American Bahá'ís the goal of establishing the Bahá'í Faith in every country in Latin America (that is, settling at least one Bahá'í or converting at least one native). In 1950, the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of South America was first elected, and then in 1957 this Assembly was split into two – basically northern/eastern South America with the Republics of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, in Lima, Peru and one of the western/southern South America with the Republics of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[35] By 1963, most countries in South America had their own National Spiritual Assembly.

Asia [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Asia

The Bahá'í Faith originated in Asia, in Iran (Persia), and spread from there to the Ottoman Empire, Central Asia, India, and Burma during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh. Since the middle of the 20th century, growth has particularly occurred in other Asian countries, because the Bahá'í Faith's activities in many Muslim countries has been severely suppressed by authorities. Comparatively mild troubles exist in other countries like Pakistan,[36] Iraq,[37] and Indonesia,[38][39] where the Bahá'í Faith is legal and only somewhat restricted.

Africa [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Africa

African Bahá'í Community statistics are also hard to come by. However, Africans have a long history with the Bahá'í Faith; several of the earliest followers of both the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh were reportedly African. From 1924 to 1960 the religion was declared one of the legally sanctioned faiths in Egypt, but has since then been subject to restrictions and outright persecution by authorities and others.

Europe [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Europe

In 1910, `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the Bahá'í Faith, embarked on a three-year journey to Egypt, Europe, and North America, spreading the Bahá'í message.[40]

`Abdu'l-Bahá's first European trip spanned from August to December 1911, at which time he returned to Egypt. During his first European trip he visitedLake Geneva on the border of France and Switzerland, Great Britain and Paris, France. The purpose of these trips was to support the Bahá'í communities in the West and to further spread his father's teachings,[41] after sending representatives and a letter to the First Universal Races Congress in July.[42][43]

His first touch on European soil was in Marseille, France.[44] `Abdu'l-Bahá stayed in France for a few days before going to Vevey in Switzerland. While in Thonon-les-Bains, `Abdu'l-Bahá met Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan, who had asked to meet `Abdu'l-Bahá. Soltan, who had ordered the execution of King and Beloved of martyrs, was the eldest grandson of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar who had ordered the Execution of the Báb himself. Juliet Thompson, an American Bahá'í who had also come to visit `Abdu'l-Bahá while still in this early phase of his journeys, recorded comments of Dreyfus who heard Soltan's stammering apology for past wrongs. `Abdu'l-Bahá embraced him and invited his sons to lunch.[45] Thus Bahram Mírzá Sardar Mass'oud and Akbar Mass’oud, another grandson of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, met with the Bahá'ís, and apparently Akbar Mass’oud was greatly affected by meeting `Abdu'l-Bahá.[46] From then he went to Great Britain.

During his travels, he visited England in the autumn of 1911. On September 10 he made his first public appearance before an audience at the City Temple, London, with the English translation spoken by Wellesley Tudor Pole.[47][48]

`Abdu'l-Bahá arrived in Liverpool on December 13,[49] and over the next six months he visited Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, and Germany before finally returning to Egypt on June 12, 1913.[41]

Oceania [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Oceania

Australia [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Australia

The Bahá'í Faith in Australia has a long history beginning with a mention by `Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, in 1916[50] following which United Kingdom/American emigrants John and Clara Dunn came to Australia in 1920.[51] The community was counted by census in 2001 to be about 11,000 individuals[52] and includes some well-known people (see – Bahá'í Faith in Australia – National exposure.)

Kiribati [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Kiribati

The only substantial non-Christian population is of the Bahá'í Faith.[50] All together the Bahá'ís now claim more than 10,000 local people have joined the religion over the last 50 years and there are 38 local spiritual assemblies.[53]

Marshall Islands [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in the Marshall Islands

The Bahá'í Faith in the Marshall Islands begins after 1916 with a mention by `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, that Bahá'ís should take the religion there.[50] Middle estimates of the Bahá'í population are just over 1,000, or 1.50% in 2000.[54]

New Caledonia [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in New Caledonia

The Bahá'í Faith in New Caledonia was first mentioned by `Abdu'l-Bahá in 1916,[55] though the first Bahá'í arrived in 1952[56] during a temporary visit because of restrictive policies on English-speaking visitors.[57] The Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly of New Caledonia was elected in 1977.[57] Multiplying its involvements through to today, the 2001 population was reported at 1,070 and growing.[58]

New Zealand [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in New Zealand

While the first mention of the Bahá'í Faith in New Zealand was in 1853[56] continuous contact began around 1904 when one individual after another came in contact with Bahá'ís and some of them published articles in print media in New Zealand as early as 1908.[59] The 2006 census reports about 2800 Bahá'ís[25] in some 45 local assemblies and about 20 smaller groups of Bahá'ís[60] though the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 7,000 Bahá'ís in 2005.[28]

Papua New Guinea [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Papua New Guinea

The Bahá'í Faith in Papua New Guinea begins after 1916 with a mention by `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, that Bahá'ís should take the religion there.[50] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying onWorld Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 60000 or 0.9% of the nation were Bahá'ís in 2005[28] though the 2012 CIA Factbook estimated 1/3rd of that citing national census figures from 2000.[61]

Tonga [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Tonga

The Bahá'í Faith in Tonga started after being set as a goal to introduce the religion in 1953,[62] and Bahá'ís arrived in 1954.[63] With conversions and pioneers the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1958.[64] Around 2004 there were 29 local spiritual assemblies[63] and about 5% of the national population were members of the Bahá'í Faith though the Tonga Broadcasting Commission maintained a policy that does not allow discussions by members of the Baha'i Faith of its founder, Bahá'u'lláh on its radio broadcasts.[65]

Samoa [edit]

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in American Samoa and Samoa

The Bahá'í Faith in Samoa and American Samoa begins with the then head of the religion, `Abdu'l-Bahá, mentioning the islands in 1916,[55] inspiring Bahá'ís on their way to Australia to stop in Samoa in 1920.[66] Following the conversion of the then Head of State of Samoa, King Malietoa Tanumafili II,[67] the first Bahá'í House of Worship of the Pacific Islands was finished in 1984 and the Bahá'í community reached a population of over 3,000 in about the year 2000.[68]

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Bahá'í International Community (2006). "Worldwide Community". Bahá'í International Community. Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2006. 
  2. ^ a b "Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2002". Enyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002. Retrieved 31 May 2006. 
  3. ^ adherents.com (2002). "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". adherents.com. Retrieved 28 August 2005. 
  4. ^ U.K. Bahá'í Heritage Site. "The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom – A Brief History". Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008. 
  5. ^ MacEoin, Denis (2000). "Baha'i Faith". In Hinnells, John R. The New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions: Second Edition. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-051480-5. 
  6. ^ Smith, Peter (2008). An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79, 95. ISBN 978-0-521-86251-6. 
  7. ^ "A Brief History of the Bahá'í Faith". Fourth Epoch of the Formative Age: 1986 – 2001. Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Boise, Idaho, U.S.A. 9 May 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2010. 
  8. ^ a b c Notes on Research on National Spiritual Assemblies Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies.
  9. ^ Baha'i World Statistics 2001 by Baha'i World Center Department of Statistics, 2001–08
  10. ^ The Life of Shoghi Effendi by Helen Danesh, John Danesh and Amelia Danesh, Studying the Writings of Shoghi Effendi, edited by M. Bergsmo (Oxford: George Ronald, 1991)
  11. ^ The Bahá'í Faith: 1844–1963 Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953–1963, Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land, pages 22 and 46.
  12. ^ Messages from the Universal House of Justice, 1963–1986: the third epoch of the formative age compiled by Geoffry W. Marks, page 96. ISBN 0-87743-239-2
  13. ^ Naw Rúz 1974, Baha'i Era 131 by Universal House of Justice
  14. ^ Ridvan 1978, Baha'i Era 135 by Universal House of Justice
  15. ^ Ridván 1980, Baha'i Era 137 by Universal House of Justice
  16. ^ Ridván 1990, Baha'i Era 147 by Universal House of Justice
  17. ^ Ridván 1992 by the Universal House of Justice
  18. ^ Letter To all National Spiritual Assemblies by the Universal House of Justice
  19. ^ Ridvan 2004, Baha'i Era 161 by Universal House of Justice
  20. ^ [1] by Universal House of Justice
  21. ^ Universal House of Justice (1986). "In Memoriam". The Bahá'í World of the Bahá'í Era 136–140 (1979–1983). XVIII (Bahá'í World Centre). pp. 733–736. ISBN 0-85398-234-1.  More than one of |authors= and |author= specified (help)
  22. ^ "International > Regions > Caribbean > Barbados > Religious Adherents". thearda.com. thearda.com. 2001. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2008. 
  23. ^ a b "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". thearda.com. thearda.com. 2001. Retrieved 2008-12-04. 
  24. ^ "Welcome to the Barbados Baha'i Website". National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Barbados. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. 
  25. ^ a b c "Redatam". Census. Barbados Statistical Service. 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. 
  26. ^ a b "La Comunidad Bahá'í en Costa Rica". Official website of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Costa Rica. Comunidad de Bahá'í de Costa Rica. Retrieved 10 May 2009. 
  27. ^ a b Lamb, Artemus (November 1995). The Beginnings of the Bahá'í Faith in Latin America:Some Remembrances, English Revised and Amplified Edition. West Linn, Oregon: M L VanOrman Enterprises. 
  28. ^ a b c d e f g "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2012. 
  29. ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1947). Messages to America. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Committee. p. 25. OCLC 5806374. 
  30. ^ Universal House of Justice (1986). "In Memoriam". The Bahá'í World of the Bahá'í Era 136–140 (1979–1983). XVIII (Bahá'í World Centre). pp. 797–800. ISBN 0-85398-234-1.  More than one of |authors= and |author= specified (help)
  31. ^ Bridge, Abena (5 July 2000). "Divine rites – Uncovering the faiths". Jamaican Gleaner News. 
  32. ^ Yang, Jiling; Under the direction of Ian Fletcher (December 2005). In Search of Martha Root: An American Bahá'í Feminist and Peace Advocate in the early Twentieth Century (pdf). Electronic Version Approved. Office of Graduate Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University. Retrieved 30 June 2008.  More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  33. ^ "Panama". National Profiles > > Regions > Central America >. Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2012-09-21. 
  34. ^ [2]
  35. ^ The Bahá'í Faith: 1844–1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953–1963. Haifa, Israel: Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. 1963. pp. 22 and 46. 
  36. ^ Wardany, Youssef (2009). "The Right of Belief in Egypt: Case study of Baha'i minority". Al Waref Institute. Retrieved 4 April 2009. 
  37. ^ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (26 October 2009). "Iraq: International Religious Freedom Report". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 20 April 2010. 
  38. ^ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (26 October 2001). "Indonesia: International Religious Freedom Report". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 3 March 2007. 
  39. ^ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (26 October 2009). "Indonesia: International Religious Freedom Report". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010. 
  40. ^ Bausani, Alessandro and Dennis MacEoin (1989). "‘Abd-al-Bahā’". Encyclopædia Iranica. 
  41. ^ a b Balyuzi 2001, pp. 159–397
  42. ^ various (August 20, 1911). "various". In Windust, Albert R; Buikema, Gertrude. Star of the West (Chicago, USA: Baha'i News Service) 02 (9): all. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  43. ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá; Wellesley Tudor Pole (1911). "The Bahai Movement". In Spiller, G.. Papers on Inter-racial Problems Communicated to the First Universal Races Congress. London: in London, P.S. King & Son and Boston, The World's Peace Foundation. pp. 154–157. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  44. ^ "Hippolyte Dreyfus, apôtre d`Abdu'l-Bahá; Premier bahá'í français". Qui est `Abdu'l-Bahá ?. Assemblée Spirituelle Nationale des Bahá'ís de France. 9 July 2000. Retrieved 14 March 2010. 
  45. ^ Thompson, Juliet; Marzieh Gail (1983). The diary of Juliet Thompson. Kalimat Press. pp. 147–223; Chapter With `Abdu'l–Bahá in Thonon, Vevey, and Geneva. ISBN 978-0-933770-27-0. 
  46. ^ Honnold, Annamarie (2010). Vignettes from the Life of `Abdu'l-Bahá. UK: George Ronald. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-85398-129-9. 
  47. ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá (2006-10-01). "`Abdu'l-Bahá in London". National Spiritual Assembly of Britain. Retrieved 2006-10-01. 
  48. ^ Lady Blomfield (2006-10-01). "The Chosen Highway". Baha'i Publishing Trust Wilmette, Illinois. Retrieved 2008-11-08. 
  49. ^ Balyuzi 2001, p. 343
  50. ^ a b c d `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916–17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 40/42. ISBN 0-87743-233-3. 
  51. ^ "Australian Bahá'í History". Official website of the Bahá'ís of Australia. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2008. 
  52. ^ A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services "2nd" edition
  53. ^ "Mountainous country marks anniversary". Bahá'í International News Service (Andorra la Vella, Andorra: Bahá’í International Community). 18 November 2004. Retrieved 6 June 2010. 
  54. ^ "Top 20 Largest National Baha'i Populations". Adherents.com. Adherents.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008. 
  55. ^ a b `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916–17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 40. ISBN 0-87743-233-3. 
  56. ^ a b Effendi, Shoghi (1997). Messages to the Antipodes:Communications from Shoghi Effendi to the Bahá'í Communities of Australasia. Mona Vale: Bahá'í Publications Australia. ISBN 978-0-909991-98-2. 
  57. ^ a b Graham, Hassall (1992). "Pacific Baha'i Communities 1950–1964". In Rubinstein, Donald H. (ed). Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference. University of Guam Press & Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam. pp. 73–95. 
  58. ^ "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies". Operation World – Pacific. Patrick J. St. G. Johnstone. 2001. Retrieved 26 July 2008. 
  59. ^ Bain, Wilhemenia Sherriff (8 December 1908). "Behaïsm". Otago Witness (New Zealand). p. 87. Retrieved 10 September 2010. 
  60. ^ "About Us". The Bahá'í Community of the Kapiti Coast District of New Zealand. Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Kapiti. Retrieved 31 September 2009. 
  61. ^ "East & Southeast Asia - Papua New Guinea". CIA World Factbook. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012. 
  62. ^ Hassall, Graham (1992). "Pacific Baha'i Communities 1950–1964". In H. Rubinstein, Donald. Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference. University of Guam Press & Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam. pp. 73–95. 
  63. ^ a b Tuitahi, Sione; Bolouri, Sohrab (28 January 2004). "Tongan Baha'is parade to the palace". Bahá'í World News Service. 
  64. ^ Hassall, Graham (1996). "Baha'i Faith in the Asia Pacific Issues and Prospects". Bahá'í Studies Review 6. pp. 1–10. 
  65. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (15 September 2006). "International Religious Freedom Report – Tonga". United States State Department. Archived from the original on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2008. 
  66. ^ Hassall, Graham (9 March 1994). "Clara and Hyde Dunn". draft of "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 15 June 2008. 
  67. ^ International Community, Bahá'í (September 2006). Century of Light. Project Gutenberg: Bahá'í International Community. p. 122. 
  68. ^ "Samoa Facts and Figures from Encarta – People". Encarta. Online. Microsoft. 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2008. 

References [edit]

  • Academic American Encyclopedia. Grolier Academic Reference. 1998. ISBN 0-7172-2068-0. 
  • Chernow, Barbara A.; Vallasi, George A. (1993). The Columbia Encyclopedia. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-62438-X. 
  • The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition. Brill. 1960. Ref DS37.E523. 
  • Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (second ed.). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 0-02-865733-0. 
  • O'Brien, Joanne; Palmer, Martin (2005). Religions Of The World. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-6258-7. 

External links [edit]
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahá%27í_Faith_by_continent&oldid=554813703"