Banditry
Banditry refers to the life and practice of bandits which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, and Turkey." But the OED also states that in modern usage it may be used as a synonym for gangster, hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines can leave the gambler with no money.[1]
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[edit] Origin of the word
The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1590) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bannan (English ban). The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as "Imperial ban".[citation needed]
[edit] History
About 5,000 bandits were executed by Pope Sixtus V in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout central Italy.[2]
Banditry was one of the most common peasant reaction to oppression and hardship. The growth of warlord armies in China was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity in the republican period; by 1930 the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million.[3]
[edit] Social bandit
Social bandit or social crime is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized by law as illegal. He further expanded the field in the 1969 study Bandits. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by piracy and organized crime syndicates. Later social scientists have also discussed the term's applicability to more modern forms of crime, like street gangs and the economy associated with the trade in illegal drugs.
[edit] Notes
- ^ "bandit, n." Oxford English Dictionary 1989
- ^ Ruggiero 2006, p. 143.
- ^ Billingsley 1998, p. 1.
[edit] References
- Billingsley, Phil (1998). Bandits in Republican China. Stanford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0804714061. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qu5KojZANpQC&pg=PA1&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- "bandit, n.". Oxford English Dictionady (Second online version ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/15149. Retrieved 20 February 2011. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1885. (subscription required)
- Ruggiero, Guido (2006). A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 143. ISBN 1405157836. http://books.google.com/books?id=NfCn4RwVUssC&pg=PA143&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
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en:Banditry
