Basque dialects

The pre-Roman tribal boundaries in the general area of the modern day Basque Country.

Basque dialects are linguistic varieties which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque. Between 6 and 9 Basque dialects have been historically distinguished:

• Biscayan
• Gipuzkoan
• Upper Navarrese (Northern and Southern)
• Lower Navarrese (Eastern and Western)
• Lapurdian
• Souletin (Souletin and Roncalese)

In modern times, though, both Upper Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered part of the Navarrese-Lapurdian dialect, so the dialects would be five, divided in 11 sub-dialects, their minor varieties being 24.

The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese did show some relation to some pre-Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii, Varduli and Vascones. But, nowadays, the main Basque dialectologists deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. Looking at historical evidences, it seems that these dialects were created in the Middle Ages from a previously quite unified Basque language, and that the dialects diverged from each other since then due to the administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country.

History of Basque dialectology

Louis-Lucien Bonaparte's original 1866 map of Basque dialects.

One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon. His original dialect map Carte des Sept Provinces Basques which was published in 1869 along with his Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century. He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the Basque Country. By then, the Basque language was much in retreat in the whole territory where it had been commonly spoken. In Alava, Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands, just remaining in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa, while in Navarre the scholar collected the last live evidence in areas extending as far south as Tafalla.

The modern dialects of Basque according to the recent reanalysis by Koldo Zuazo

  Western (Biscayan)

  Central (Gipuzkoan)

  (Upper) Navarrese

  Navarrese-Lapurdian

  Souletin

  other Basque areas ca 1850 (Bonaparte)

In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country, redefined the dialect classifications slightly, amongst other things changing the name of Biscayan dialect to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese, grouping Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, distinguishing Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect and recognising several mixed areas:

• Western (Biscayan)
• Central (Gipuzkoan)
• (Upper) Navarrese
• Eastern Navarrese (including Salazarese and the extinct Roncalese)
• Navarrese-Lapurdian
• Souletin

Much has been studied too on the Basque dialect spoken formerly in Alava. In 1997, Koldo Zuazo released research carried out on the issue based on dispersed recorded evidence (Landuchio's glossary,...) and papers drawn up especially by Koldo Mitxelena. The pundit outlines three main linguistic areas running north to south, where features related to Western and Navarrese dialects mix up to different degrees according to their geographical position. He focuses mainly on relevant lexico-morphological differences, such as instrumental declension marks -gaz/rekin, ablative -rean/tik, barria/berria (= 'new'), elexea/elizea (= 'church'), padura/madura (= 'swamp'), to mention but a few.

Some key distinguishing features in Basque dialect phonology are:

• loss of /h/ and aspirated stops in Southern Basque dialects
• strong divergence of historic /j/ into /j/ /ɟ/ /ʒ/ /ʃ/ /x/ /χ/
• Souletin development of the vowel /y/

Morphological variation

The modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence. However, cross-dialectal communication without prior knowledge of either Standard Basque or the other dialect is normally possible to a reasonable extent with the notable of exception of Zuberoan (Souletin) which is regarded as the most divergent Basque dialect.

The names for the language in the dialects of Basque (Euskara in Standard Basque) for example exemplify to some degree the dialectal fragmentation of the Basque speaking area. The most divergent forms are generally found in the Eastern dialects.

Dialect variant	Dialect group	Areas documented in
Auskera	Upper Navarrese	Arakil
Eskara	Upper Navarrese Lapurdian	Irun Saint-Jean-de-Luz
Eskoara	Biscayan	Orozko
Eskuara	Lapurdian Biscayan Lower Navarrese	Labourd Biscay Lower Navarre
Eskuera	Biscayan Guipuscoan	Gernika, Bermeo, Bergara, Leintz-Gatzaga Goierri, Burunda, Etxarri-Aranaz
Euskala	Biscayan	Bergara, Leintz-Gatzaga
Euskara	Upper Navarrese Aezcoan	Irun, Larraun, Erro
Euskera	Biscayan Guipuscoan Upper Navarrese
Euskiera	Biscayan	Orozko
Euzkera	Biscayan	Arrigorriaga, Orozko, Marquina, Bergara, Leintz-Gatzaga
Oskara	Upper Navarrese	Arakil
Uskara	Upper Navarrese Aezcoan Salazarese	Irun, Bortziriak, Ultzama
Üskara	Souletin
Uskaa	Upper Navarrese Souletin	Ultzama
Üskaa	Souletin
Üska	Souletin
Uskera	Biscayan Upper Navarrese	Arratia, Orozko Ultzama, Erro, Olza, Gulina

The following map shows the approximate areas where each word is used. The smaller-type instances are cases of the name being recorded for a particular area, the larger-type instances show over-regional forms common throughout the dialect area in question:

The language name Euskara in the dialects of Basque located on the new dialect map by Koldo Zuazo.

Comparison of sample verb forms

Comparing the forms of the Basque verb used in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features.

Standard Basque	Biscayan	Gipuzkoan	Upper Navarrese	Roncalese	Lapurdian	Lower Navarrese	Souletin
naiz haiz da gara zara zarete dira	naz az da gara zara zaree dira	naiz aiz da gera zera zerate dira	naiz (y)aiz da ga(r)a za(r)a za(r)ate di(r)e	naz yaz da gra zra zrei dra	naiz haiz da gare zare zaizte di(r)e	n(a)iz h(a)iz da gira zira zirezte dira	niz hiz da gira zira zirae dira
dut duk/dun du dugu duzu duzue dute	dot dok/don dau dogu dozu dozue dabe	det dek/den du degu dezu dezute dute	dut duk/dun du dugu duzu duzue dute	dur,dud duk/dun du digu tzu tzei dei	dut duk/dun du dugu duzu duzue dute	dut duk/dun du dugu duzu duzue (d)ute	düt dük/dün dü dügü düzü düzüe düe
nion hion zion genion zenion zenioten zioten	neutsan euntsan eutsan geuntsan zeuntsan zeuntsoen eutsoen	nion ion zion genion zenion zenioten zioten	nio(n) (y)io(n) zio(n) ginio(n) zinio(n) ziniote(n) ziote(n)	naun yaun zaun ginaun zinaun zinabein zabein	nion hion zion ginion zinion zinioten zioten	nakon hakon zakon ginakon zinakon zinakoten zakoten	neion heion zeion geneion zeneion zeneioen zeioen
nindoakion hindoakion zihoakion gindoazkion zindoazkion zindoazkioten zihoazkion	niñoiakion iñoakion joiakion giñoiakiozan ziñoiakiozan ziñoiakiozen joiakiozan	ninjoakion injoakion zijoakion ginjoazkion zinjoazkion zinjoazkioten zijoazkion			nindoakion hindoakion zoakion ginoazkion zinoazkion zinoazkioten zoazkion		nindoakion hindoakion zoakion gindoazkion zindoakion zindoakioen zoazkion

Key to verb forms:

Standard Basque	English
naiz haiz da gara zara zarete dira	I am you (familiar) are he/she/it is we are you (formal) are you (plural) are they are
dut duk/dun du dugu duzu duzue dute	I have it you (familiar, allocutive form for male addressee) are/you (familiar, allocutive form for female addressee) have it he/she/it has it we have it you (formal) have it you (plural) have it they have it
nion hion zion genion zenion zenioten zioten	I to him/her/it (trans.); for example eman nion "I gave it to him" you (familiar) to him/her/it (trans.) he/she/it to him/her/it (trans.) we to him/her/it (trans.) you (formal) to him/her/it (trans.) you (plural) to him/her/it (trans.) they to him/her/it (trans.)
nindoakion hindoakion zihoakion gindoazkion zindoazkion zindoazkioten zihoazkion	I went to him/her/it you (familiar) went to him/her/it he/she/it went to him/her/it we went to him/her/it you (formal) went to him/her/it you (plural) went to him/her/it they went to him/her/it

Phonological variation

Standard Basque consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Postalveolar /Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n	ɲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	c	k
	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		ts̺ ts̻	tʃ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s̺ s̻	ʃ	x
Trill			r
Tap			ɾ
Lateral			l	ʎ

Standard Basque vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Basque dialects diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent. The grapheme j (historically /j/) displays by far the most extreme divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Hualde (1991) describes the following:

• Baztan, an Eastern Navarrese dialect: lack of /x/
• Arbizu, a dialect in a mixed Gipuzkoan/Western Navarrese dialect area: geminate vowels /i/~/ii/, /e/~/ee/, /a/~/aa/, /o/~/oo/, /u/~/uu/
• Gernika, a Biscayan dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /ʒ/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.
• Ondarroa, a Biscayan dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /dz/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.

Standardized dialects

There have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque.

• A standardised form of Lower Navarrese was the dialect used the influential 16th century author Joanes Leizarraga

• Azkue's Gipuzkera Osotua ("Complemented Gipuzkoan"), dating to 1935, attempted to create a standardized Basque based on Gipuzkoan, complemented with elements from other dialects — a largely unsuccessful attempt.

• In the 1940s, a group (Jakintza Baitha, "Wisdom House") gathered around the academian Federico Krutwig, who preferred to base the standard on the Lapurdian of Joanes Leizarraga's Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque. However they did not receive official or popular support.

• In 1944, Pierre Lafitte published his Navarro-Labourdin Littéraire, based on Classical Lapurdian, which has become the de facto standard form of Lapurdian. It is taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, in church, and by the newspaper Herria.

• Since the 1970s, Euskaltzaindia has promulgated a Unified (or Standard) Basque (Euskara batua) that has successfully spread as the formal-usage dialect of the language. Batua is found in official texts, schools, TV, newspapers and in common parlance by new speakers, especially in the cities, whereas in the countryside, with more elderly speakers, people remain attached to the natural dialects to a higher degree, especially in informal situations.

• More recently the distinct dialects of Bizkaian and Zuberoan have also been standardised.

Bibliography

• Allières, Jacques (1979): Manuel pratique de basque, "Connaissance des langues" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris), ISBN 270840038X.

• Campion, Arturo (1884): Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara, Tolosa.

• Lafitte, Pierre (1962): Grammaire basque - navarro-labourdin littéraire. Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne, ISBN 2-913156-10-X.