Geoemydidae

Geoemydidae
Ornate Wood Turtle Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Geoemydidae Theobald, 1868
Synonyms
Bataguridae Gray, 1869 Batagurinae Gray, 1870

Geoemydidae (formerly known as Bataguridae) is the largest and most diverse family^{[citation needed]} in the order Testudines (turtles) with about 70 species. It includes the Eurasian pond and river turtles and Neotropical wood turtles.

Characteristics

Geoemydidae are turtles of various sizes (from about 10 to 80 cm in length) with often a high degree of sexual dimorphism. They usually have webbed toes, and the pelvic girdle articulates with the plastron flexibly. The neck is drawn back vertically. The carapace has 24 marginal scutes. The plastron is composed of 12 scutes and has no mesoplastron, the pectoral and abdominal scutes contact the marginal scutes.

Some other features include a single articulation between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebra, the lack of hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve and an epipterygoid bone in the skull.

Ecology

Geoemydidae live in tropics and subtropics of Asia, Europe and North Africa, the only genus in Central and South America is Rhinoclemmys. The habitats include freshwater ecosystems, coastal marine areas and tropical forests. Most of them are herbivorous, but there are also some omnivorous and carnivorous species. By mating the males are usually much more active than females. A relatively small number of eggs per clutch is common, produced several times a year. Some species have temperature-dependent sex determination system while others possess different sex chromosomes.

About 70% of the extant species have been reported to be in endangered or vulnerable condition.

Systematics and evolution

Traditional systematics placed the geoemydids to the family Emydidae as the subfamily Batagurinae. In the 1980s the subfamily was elevated to the family status and renamed to Geoemydidae according to the ICZN rules.

The majority of fossil and molecular data support their close relationship to the family Testudinidae.

The intra-familial taxonomy is not well established yet, due to the large number and diversity of species. The family is usually divided into two subfamilies and 22 to 27 genera. The division into subfamilies is currently disputed by some scientists.^{[citation needed]} Several species are known to give viable hybrids, which makes the systematics even more complicated.

Subfamilies and genera

The following genera are classified under Geoemydidae.

• Subfamily Batagurinae
  • Genus Batagur (6 species, including part of Kachuga)
  • Genus Geoclemys (monotypic genus)
  • Genus Hardella (monotypic genus)
  • Genus Morenia (2 species)
  • Genus Pangshura (4 species) (formerly in Kachuga)

• Subfamily Geoemydinae
  • Genus Chinemys, pond turtle (3 species) (sometimes included in Mauremys)
  • Genus Cuora, Asian box turtle (10 species) (including Cistoclemmys)
  • Genus Cyclemys (6 species)
  • Genus Geoemyda (2 species)
  • Genus Leucocephalon (formerly in Geoemyda and Heosemys)
  • Genus Malayemys (2 species)
  • Genus Heosemys (formerly in Geoemyda)
  • Genus Hieremys (formerly in Geoemyda, often included in Heosemys)
  • Genus Mauremys, pond turtles (including Annamemys, Cathaiemys and Emmenia)
  • Genus Melanochelys (2 species)
  • Genus Notochelys (monotypic genus)
  • Genus Ocadia (sometimes included in Mauremys)
  • Genus Orlitia (monotypic genus)
  • Genus Pyxidea, keeled box turtle (often included in Cuora)
  • Genus Rhinoclemmys, neotropical wood turtles
  • Genus Sacalia, "eyed" turtles
  • Genus Siebenrockiella (2 species, 1 subgenus Panyaenemys, formerly under Heosemys)
  • Genus Vijayachelys, cane turtle (formerly in Geoemyda and Heosemys)

References

• Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F. & Feldman, Chris R. (2005): On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia × Mauremys). Salamandra 41: 21-26. PDF fulltext
• Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B. (Turtle taxonomy Working Group).2010. "Turtles of the world, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status". In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). "Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group". Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5: 000.85-000.164, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.

External links

• An article about the phylogeny of Geoemydidae [1]
• Geoemydidae (all species) at The Reptile Database