Battle of Batih

Battle of Batoh
Part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising
Date June 1-June 2, 1652 Location Batih, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, (today Ukraine) Result Decisive Cossack victory
Belligerents
Zaporozhian Cossacks Crimean Tatars	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Commanders and leaders
Bohdan Khmelnytsky	Marcin Kalinowski
Strength
45,000	15,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	8,000 captured and killed

Massacre of Polish captives after the battle of Batoh

The Battle of Batoh was a battle in 1652 in which Polish forces under Marcin Kalinowski were defeated by Cossacks commanded by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. About 8,000 Polish soldiers were taken prisoners and massacred after the battle, including Samuel Jerzy Kalinowski, Zygmunt Przyjemski, Jan Odrzywolski and Marek Sobieski. The defeat had severe and long-lasting consequences for the history of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and for Ukraine.

The background

Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky marched toward Moldavia in 1652 to form an alliance with Hospodar Basil Lupu against the Poles. He also wanted to marry his son Tymish to Rozalin, the daughter of the ruler.

Hetman Marcin Kalinowski, leader of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s Crown army, decided to foil the plan. In May 1652, he concentrated armies to block the road against the march of the Cossacks and accompanying Crimean Tatars. The assembly point was designated as the entrenched camp at Batoh, founded previously near the river Boh. This was a significant mistake of the Polish leadership, losing the opportunity to prevent the unification of the enemy forces. The camp was in naturally defensive terrain and appeared to be a good base, but events turned out differently.

It is difficult to estimate the strength of the sides because of the paucity of records. Some of the Crown banners ordered to move to the camp never arrived. This is tied to the unpopularity of Hetman Kalinowski among junior officers. There were about 15,000 Polish troops, while the Cossack and Tatar army may be estimated at 40,000-50,000 warriors.

The battle

Poor leadership and the passivity of the Crown army led to the enemy, without hardship, crossing the Bug. The camp thus became surrounded. Though the camp could have been easily defended for quite some time, a rebellion broke out. At that time, Kalinowski decided to treat with senior men of the army. June 1st 1652 was the first day of the battle of Batoh. As a result of the negotiations, part of the units faithful to the Polish Hetman wanted to defend the camp, whereas the rioters wished to flee. On June 2nd 1652, the battle at the camp ended in a defeat of the armies of the Crown, and the camp was overcome by fire after the grass was set ablaze. Many who were running away were captured by the Tatars. Hetman Kalinowski fell at the side of his son, Samuel.

The massacre

After the battle, the Cossacks paid the Tatars for possession of the prisoners, and promptly slaughtered the Polish captives to avenge Chmielnicki’s defeat at Berestechko in June 1651. All 8,000 Polish soldiers were massacred.

The losses included Samuel Jerzy Kalinowski; Sigmund Przyjemski; general of Crown Artillery and the Chancellor of the Crown, Jan Odrzywolski; Castellan of Czernihow; Marek Sobieski; Starost of Krasnystaw; and the brother of Jan Sobieski, the future king of Poland.

The Battle of Batoh destroyed the best Crown units. Although Poland managed to rebuild her army soon after the battle, the loss of the most experienced troops resulted in temporary weakness in Ukraine. Defeat of the Poles contributed to the wars to come with Russia, which in turn resulted in the "Deluge" of the country by Swedish armies.

References

• Battle of Batoh 1652
• history
• Summary of Conflicts