Battle of Dunbar (1650)
Coordinates: 56°00′00″N 2°30′50″W / 56.000°N 2.514°W
| Battle of Dunbar (1650) | |||||||
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| Part of Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms | |||||||
 "Cromwell at Dunbar", by Andrew Carrick Gow |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Scottish Covenanters | English Parliamentarians | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| David Leslie | Oliver Cromwell | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 2,500 cavalry[1] 9,500 infantry[1] 9 guns |
3,500 cavalry[2] 7,500 infantry[2] |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 800[3]-3,000[3] killed 6,000[3]-10,000[3] prisoners |
20 killed 58 wounded |
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The Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. The English Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell defeated a Scottish army commanded by David Leslie which was loyal to King Charles II, who had been proclaimed King of Scots on 5 February 1649.
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[edit] Background
The English Parliament had long suspected the true intentions of the Scots. Their worst fears were realised when the Engagers invaded England in 1648, however the Duke of Hamilton was proved to be a poor commander and was easily defeated at the Battle of Preston. On 23 June 1650 Charles II landed in Scotland at Garmouth in Moray. On his arrival he signed the 1638 Covenant and the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant and was proclaimed King of Scots. This infuriated the English authorities and they decided to invade Scotland. Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Army's commander, disagreed with this strategy and resigned. Oliver Cromwell was made General in his place. John Lambert was appointed Sergeant Major General and the Army's second-in-command.
As Cromwell led his army over the border at Berwick-upon-Tweed in July 1650, the Scottish general, Sir David Leslie, decided that his best strategy was to avoid a direct conflict with the enemy. His army were not the battle hardend veterans of The Thirty Years War who had taken the field for the Scots at Newburn and Marston Moor. Many of them had perished during the Civil War and the ill fated 1648 invasion of England. Far more had left active service after the former event. This meant that a new army had to be raised and trained by the remaining veteran soldiers. Eventually the army comprised some 12,000[1] soldiers outnumbering the English army of 11,000[2] men. Though the Scots soldiers were well armed, the lack of time meant they were poorly trained compared to their English counterparts all of whom had served with Oliver Cromwell for years. Leslie chose therefore to shelter his troops behind strong fortifications around Edinburgh and refused to be drawn out to meet the English in battle. Furthermore, between Edinburgh and the border, Leslie adopted a scorched earth policy thus forcing Cromwell to obtain all of his supplies from England, most arriving by sea through the port at Dunbar.
Whether in a genuine attempt to avoid prolonging the conflict or whether because of the difficult circumstances he found himself in, Cromwell sought to persuade the Scots to accept the English point of view. Claiming that it was the King who was his enemy rather than the Scottish people, he wrote to his opponents on 3 August famously stating, I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken. This plea was, however, unsuccessful.
[edit] The battle
By early September, the English army, weakened by illness and demoralised by lack of success, began to withdraw towards its supply base at Dunbar. Leslie, believing that the English army was retreating, ordered his army to advance in pursuit. The Scots reached Dunbar first and Leslie positioned his troops on Doon Hill on the eastern edge of the Lammermuir Hills,[4], overlooking the town and the Berwick Road, which was Cromwell's land route back to England. Cromwell wrote to the governor of Newcastle,
We are upon an engagement very difficult. The enemy hath blocked up our way at the pass of Copperspath, through which we cannot get without almost a miracle. He lieth so upon the hills that we know not how to come that way without great difficulty; and our lying here daily consumeth our men, who fall sick beyond imagination.[5]
However, the Scots army, commissioned by the Committee of Estates,[6] was in effect funded by the Church of Scotland. Eager to curtail the mounting cost of the campaign, the Kirk ministers in attendance put Leslie under great pressure to finish the battle quickly. On 2 September 1650, Leslie brought his army down from Doon Hill and approached the town. Witnessing this manoeuvre, Cromwell quickly realised that here was an opportunity for him to turn the tables on the Scots.
That night, under cover of darkness, Cromwell stealthily redeployed a large number of his troops to a position opposite the Scottish right flank. Just before dawn on 3 September, the English troops, shouting their battle cry "The Lord of Hosts!", launched a surprise frontal attack on the Scots, while Cromwell engaged their right flank. Soldiers in the English centre and on the right caught Leslie's men unawares but were held at bay by the long pikes of their Scottish opponents. The right flank of the Scots, however, with less freedom to manoeuvre, was pushed back under the weight of superior English numbers until its lines started to disintegrate. Cromwell's horse then clashed furiously with the Scottish cavalry and succeeded in scattering them. Observing this disaster, the rest of the Scottish army, hopelessly wedged between the Spott or Brox Burn and Doon Hill, lost heart, broke ranks and fled. Cromwell's secretary Rushworth wrote,
I never beheld a more terrible charge of foot than was given by our army, our foot alone making the Scots foot give ground for three-quarters of a mile together.[7]
In the rout that followed, the English cavalry drove the Scots army from the field in disorder.[8] Cromwell reported to Parliament that the 'chase and execution' of the fleeing Scots extended for eight miles.[9]
Cromwell claimed that 3,000 Scots were killed.[3] On the other hand, Sir James Balfour, a senior officer with the Scottish army, noted in his journal that there were "8 or 900 killed".[3] There is similar disagreement about the number of Scottish prisoners taken: Cromwell claimed that there were 10,000,[3] while the English Royalist leader, Sir Edward Walker put the number at 6,000, of which 1,000 sick and wounded men were quickly released.[3] The more conservative estimates of the Scottish casualties are borne out by the fact that, the day after the battle, Leslie retreated to Stirling with some 4,000-5,000 of his remaining troops.[3]
[edit] The aftermath
As a result of the destruction of the Scottish army, Cromwell was able to march unopposed to Edinburgh. He quickly captured the Scottish capital, although Edinburgh Castle held out until the end of December. The prisoners taken at Dunbar were force-marched south towards England in order to prevent any attempt to rescue them. The conditions on the march were so appalling that many died of starvation, illness or exhaustion. By 11 September, when the remnants arrived at Durham Cathedral where they were to be imprisoned, only 3,000 Scottish soldiers were still alive.[10] If Sir Edward Walker's statement is correct, that 6,000 prisoners were taken and 5,000 of them were marched south,[3] then 2,000 captives perished on the way to Durham.
Of the estimated 5,000 Scottish soldiers that began the march southwards from Dunbar, over 3,500 died either on the march or during imprisonment in Durham Cathedral, more than the total number killed on the battlefield. Of the 1,400 survivors, the majority were eventually transported as convict labourers to English colonies in the New World and the Caribbean.[11][nb 1][nb 2]
After formally accepting the Solemn League and Covenant, Charles was finally crowned King in Scotland on 1 January 1651.
[edit] Notes
- Footnotes
- ^ Although Durham Cathedral offered a degree of shelter, the English failed to provide their prisoners with adequate food or fuel. For a time, the prisoners kept warm by burning all of the woodwork in the Cathedral with the notable exception of Prior Castell's Clock in the South Transept. It is thought that they left the clock alone because it bears a thistle, the emblem of Scotland, on it. The prisoners did, however, take the opportunity to revenge themselves on the tombs of the Neville family, beheading their effigies and most of the statuary in the Cathedral. Lord Ralph Neville had commanded part of the English army which had defeated the Scots at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346 on the outskirts of Durham City.
- ^ By the end of October, cold, malnutrition and disease had resulted in the deaths of another 1,600 of the Scots soldiers. The bodies of many of those who died were buried in a mass grave in the form of a trench running northwards from the Cathedral. The location of their remains was then forgotten for almost three centuries until rediscovered by workmen in 1946. There is no permanent memorial to these soldiers and it is suggested that they had received neither Christian burial nor blessing. Their story is briefly told in the Cathedral guidebook. In 1993 the Cathedral approved in principle a request by the Scottish Covenanters' Memorials Association to erect a suitable memorial or plaque but progress seems to have stalled at this stage. A campaign properly to respect and remember the 'Dunbar Martyrs' was launched at the end of 2007, aiming at least to gain a Christian blessing for the dead and an adequate memorial at the burial site or even possible exhumation of the remains for reburial in Scotland (Dunbar Martyrs site).
- Citations
- ^ a b c Reid p.68
- ^ a b c Reid p.64
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Reid, Stuart (2004). Dunbar 1650: Cromwell's Most Famous Victory. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 1-84178-774-3.
- ^ Reid p.58
- ^ J Buchan, Oliver Cromwell, London 1934, pp.371-2
- ^ For an explanation, see http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/committee-estates.htm
- ^ J Buchan, Oliver Cromwell, London 1934, p.378
- ^ The foregoing interpretation of the battle is taken from W. Seymour, Battles In Britain, 1066-1746, London 1979 p.145
- ^ T. Carlyle, The Letters And Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, ed. S. C. Lomas, London 1904, vol ii, p.102
- ^ ."Durham Cathedral History". http://www.durhamcathedral.co.uk/history. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ^ Butler, James Davie. "British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies". American Historical Review 2 (October 1896):2.
[edit] References
- Butler, James Davie. "British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies". American Historical Review 2 (October 1896):2.
- Reid, Stuart (2004). Dunbar 1650: Cromwell's Most Famous Victory. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1 84176 774 3.
[edit] Further reading
- Falkus, Christopher (1972). The life and times of Charles II. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- Rogers, H.C.B. (1968). Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars. London: Seeley Service & Co..
