Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

Battle of Horseshoe Bend Part of the Creek War Date March 27, 1814 Location near Dadeville, Alabama Result Decisive U.S./Native American victory Belligerents Red Stick Creek United States Lower Creek Cherokee Choctaw Commanders and leaders Monahee The Prophet Sam Houston Andrew Jackson Junaluska Strength ~1,000 warriors American: ~2,000 infantry, ~700 cavalry, unknown artillery Native American: ~600 warriors Casualties and losses 857 killed, 206 wounded American: 47 killed 159 wounded Native American: 23 killed 47 wounded

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (also known as Tohopeka, Cholocco Litabixbee or The Horseshoe), was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War.

Background

The battle is considered part of the War of 1812. The Creek Indians of Georgia and Alabama had become divided into two factions: the Upper Creeks (or Red Sticks), a majority who opposed the American expansion and sided with the British and Spanish during the War of 1812, and the Lower Creek, who were more assimilated, had a stronger relationship with the US Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins, and sought to remain on good terms with the Americans.

The Shawnee leader Tecumseh went to Creek and other Southeast Indian towns in 1811–12 to recruit warriors to join his war against American encroachment. The Red Sticks, young men who wanted to revive traditional religious and cultural practices, were already forming, resisting assimilation. They began to raid American frontier settlements. When the Lower Creek helped United States forces capture and punish leading raiders, they were punished by the Red Sticks.

In 1813, United States troops intercepted a Red Stick party returning from obtaining arms in Pensacola. While they were looting the material, the Red Sticks returned and defeated them, at what became known as the Battle of Burnt Corn. Raiding continued, and after the Fort Mims massacre, frontier settlers appealed to the government for help. Tenneessee, Georgia and Alabama organized militias under General Andrew Jackson to go against the Red Sticks. The Lower Creek fought alongside Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.

The British proposed a large "neutral" Indian state west of the Appalachian Mountains that would be a buffer to the Americans.

Horseshoe Bend was the major battle of the Creek War, in which Andrew Jackson sought to "clear" Alabama for American settlement. General Jackson commanded an army of West Tennessee militia, which he had turned into a well-trained fighting force. Added to the militia units was the 39th United States Infantry and about 600 Cherokee, Choctaw and Lower Creek fighting against the Red Stick Creek.

After leaving Fort Williams in the spring of 1814, Jackson's army cut its way through the forest to within 6 miles (10 km) of Chief Menawa's Red Stick camp of Tohopeka, near a bend in the Tallapoosa River, called "Horseshoe Bend," in central Alabama, 12 miles (19 km) east of what is now Alexander City. Jackson sent General John Coffee with the mounted infantry and the Indian allies south across the river to surround the Red Sticks' camp, while Jackson stayed with the rest of the 2,000 infantry north of the camp.

Battle

Battle positions

On March 27 at 10:30 a.m., Jackson began an artillery barrage which consisted of two cannons firing for about two hours. Little damage was caused to the Red Sticks or their fortifications. Coffee's Cherokee and cavalry began crossing the river and fought the Red Sticks on their rear.

Jackson ordered a bayonet charge. The 39th U.S. Infantry, led by Colonel John Williams, charged the breastworks defending the camp and caught the Red Sticks in a cross fire. Sam Houston (the future governor of Tennessee and Texas, as well as the President of the Republic of Texas) served as a third lieutenant in Jackson's army. Houston was one of the first to make it over the log barricade alive and received a wound from a Creek arrow that troubled him the rest of his life.

The battle raged for about five hours. Roughly 550 Red Sticks were killed on the field, while many of the rest were killed trying to cross the river.

Chief Menawa was severely wounded but survived and led only about 200 of the original 1,000 warriors across the river and into safety among the Seminole tribe in Spanish Florida.

Two currently active battalions of the Regular Army (2-7 Inf and 3-7 Inf) perpetuate the lineage of the old 39th Infantry Regiment, which fought at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Results

On August 9, 1814, Andrew Jackson forced the Creeks to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson. The Creek Nation was forced to cede 23 million acres (93,000 km²)—half of central Alabama and part of southern Georgia—to the United States government. Jackson had determined the areas from his sense of security needs. Of the 23 million acres (93,000 km²) Jackson forced the Creeks to cede, 1.9 million acres (7,700 km²) was claimed by the Cherokee Nation, which had allied with the United States. This victory, along with the Battle of New Orleans, gave Andrew Jackson the popularity to win election as President of the United States in 1828.^{[citation needed]}

The battlefield is preserved in the Horseshoe Bend National Military Park.

In fiction

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend is the initial point of divergence in the Trail of Glory series of alternate history novels by author Eric Flint. In Flint's altered timeline, Houston is only lightly wounded in the battle. He is then breveted to captain by Jackson and sent to Washington to help negotiate a peaceful settlement between the United States and the Cherokees, Creeks and other southern tribes. He arrives in Washington shortly after the Battle of Bladensburg and rallies defeated US troops and organizes black teamsters into an ad-hoc artillery force to successfully defend the Capitol building, preventing the burning of Washington.

References

• "Creek War" in Heidler, David Stephen and Heidler, Jeanne T. Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO, 1997. ISBN 9780874369687

• Borneman, Walter R. Borneman (2004). 1812: The War That Forged a Nation. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780060531126. 

• Robert Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767-1821 (1977) ch. 13

• Steve Rajtar, "Indian War Sites" (McFarland and Company, Inc., 1999)

• John Ehle, Trail of Tears The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation (Anchor Books Editions 1989), pg 117-121 ISBN 0-385-23954-8

• Andrew Burstein, The Passions of Andrew Jackson (Alfred A. Knopf 2003), p. 105-106 ISBN 0-375-71404-9

Further reading

• * Holland, James W. "Andrew Jackson and the Creek War: Victory at the Horseshoe Bend," Alabama Review, Oct 1968, Vol. 21 Issue 4, pp 243-275
• Kanon, Thomas. "A Slow, Laborious Slaughter": The Battle of Horseshoe Bend," Tennessee Historical Quarterly, March 1999, Vol. 58 Issue 1, pp 2-15
• Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (2001), ch 4

External links

• "The Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Collision of Cultures", National Park Service's Teaching with Historic Places.
• A map of Creek War Battle Sites, PCL Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin.
• "Battle of Horseshoe Bend", Encyclopedia of Alabama
• Mrs. Dunham Rowland, "The Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812", Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, Volume 4, 1921, pp. 7-156