Battle of Nájera

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Battle of Nájera (Navarrete)
Part of Castilian Civil War
The Battle of Nájera from a fifteenth-century manuscript. The English and Pedro are on the left.
Date 3 April 1367 Location Nájera Result Victory for Pedro of Castile
Belligerents
Kingdom of Castile, Duchy of Gascony, Kingdom of England, Duchy of Aquitaine, Kingdom of Mallorca	Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of France
Commanders
Pedro of Castile Edward, the Black Prince John of Gaunt	Henry II of Castile Bertrand du Guesclin
Strength
28,000 (total) 14,000 Men-at-arms 12,000 Longbowmen 2,000 Spearmen;	60,000 (total) 6,000 Men-at-arms 4,000 Jinetes 6,000 Crossbowmen 4,000 Slingers 40,000 Spearmen
Casualties and losses
approximately 200 dead[citation needed]	approximately 7,000 dead[citation needed]

v • d • e Hundred Years' War (1369–1389) Nájera (Navarette) – Montiel – Limoges – La Rochelle

v • d • e Hundred Years' War Edwardian – Breton Succession – Castilian – Two Peters – Caroline – Lancastrian

The Battle of Nájera, also known as the Battle of Navarrete, was fought on 3 April 1367 between an Anglo-Gascon army and Franco-Castilian forces near Nájera, in the province of La Rioja, Castile. The English were led by Edward, the Black Prince, and John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, allied with Pedro of Castile (called "The Cruel") against his brother Enrique II or Henry of Trastámara. Pedro and Enrique had been in armed conflict, the Castilian Civil War, for some time before the intervention of foreign powers had been sought. Pedro had begged assistance from the Black Prince in Bordeaux to restore him to his throne.

Under the pennon of St. George and attached to the banner of Sir John Chandos, the Anglo-Gascon army had in the whole twelve hundred streamers. Among them were good and hardy knights and squires, whose courage was proof; namely, sir Robert Cheney, sir Perducas d’Albret, Robert Briquet, sir Garsis du Chastel, sir Gaillard Viguier, sir John Charnels, Nandon de Bagerant, Aymemon d’Ortige, Perrot de Savoye, le bourg Camus, le bourg de l’Esparre, le bourg de Breteuil, Espiote, and several others. ^[1] With 24,000 men, they marched south from Aquitaine, crossed the river Ebro at Logroño, and faced Enrique's Franco-Castilian army near Nájera, the latter's strength being 60,000. Du Guesclin was later reported to have been reluctant to face the English in a pitched battle, but he was overruled.

The battle began with the English longbowmen gaining dominance over the French archers. Then, the English vanguard, led by John Chandos, Constable of Aquitaine, and the Duke of Lancaster attacked the French mercenaries commanded by Bertrand du Guesclin and d'Audrehem. The Castilian cavalry, under heavy arrow fire from the English longbowmen, fled early, leaving Henry's battle exposed to attack from the mounted English rearguard. The Franco-Castilian army disintegrated and retreated, pursued by the English, back to the bank of the river Najerilla. Du Guesclin was captured, but Enrique escaped and fled.

Pedro and the English completely routed Enrique and the French, inflicting heavy losses. Unlike at other battles of the Hundred Years' War, at Nájera it was the English who were attacking dismounted French troops. As with many other battles of the period, the English longbow proved a significant advantage, probably for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula. However, the battle was of dubious long-term significance as Pedro and the Black Prince fell out over money, and Pedro was not able to maintain his rule for long without foreign support.

[edit] References

1. ^ Chronicles of England, France and Spain and the Surrounding Countries, by Sir John Froissart, Translated from the French Editions with Variations and Additions from Many Celebrated MSS, by Thomas Johnes, Esq; London: William Smith, 1848. pp. 367-384

[edit] Sources

• Tuchman, Barbara : A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century.
• DeVries, Kelly. Battles of the Medieval World. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-7779-9. 
• The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus (History of Warfare) by L.J.Andrew Villalon and D.J. Kagay (Hardcover - 28 Feb 2005)

[edit] External links

• Battle of Nájera.