The Battle of Sebastopolis was fought at Sebastopolis (mostly identified with Sebaste in Cilicia, but also with modern Sulusaray) in 692 between the Byzantine Empire and Umayyads. The Byzantines were led by Leontios and included a "special army" of 30,000 Slavs under their leader Neboulos. The Byzantine loss can be attributed to the defection of upwards of 20,000 Slavs thus ensuring a Byzantine defeat.[1][2][3][4][5] One source states that the Emperor Justinian II massacred the remaining Slavs, including women and children, at the Gulf of Nicomedia,[6] yet modern scholars do not consider this a reliable account.[7]
- ^ Ostrogorsky, George, History of the Byzantine state,(Rutgers University Press, 1969), 131.
- ^ Hendy, Michael F., Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy C. 300-1450, (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 631.
- ^ Norwich, John Julius, Byzantium: The Early Years, (Knopf, 1989), 330.
- ^ Haldon, John F., Byzantium in the seventh century, (Cambridge University Press, 1997), 72.
- ^ Corradini, Richard, The construction of communities in the early Middle Ages, (BRILL, 2003), 76.
- ^ Hendy, Michael F., Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, 631.
- ^ Haldon, John F., Byzantium in the seventh century, 72.
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