Battle of Thymbra

Battle of Thymbra
Part of the Campaigns of Cyrus the Great
Date December, 547 BC Location Thymbra (Modern day Hanaï Tepeh), Lydia Result Decisive Persian victory. Territorial changes Lydia annexed by Persia.
Belligerents
Lydian Empire, Arabian mercenaries, Babylonian mercenaries, Egyptian mercenaries	Achaemenid Empire, Arabian mercenaries
Commanders and leaders
Croesus of Lydia, Artacamas of Phrygia, Aribaeus of Cappadocia, Aragdus of Arabia, Gabaedus of Hellespont, unknown others	Cyrus the Great, Arsames of Persia, Hystaspes of Persia, Artabazus, Aglaitadas, Chrysantas, Madates, Megabyzus, Abradates of Susia†, Andamyas of Media, Araspas, Harpagus, Rambacas, Tanaoxares, Tigranes of Armenia, Embas, Artouchas of Hyrcania, Datamas of Cadusia, Alceuna, Rhathines, Gubaru of Babylonia, Gadates, Amorges or Thambradas of Sacia, Euphratas, Dauchas Carduchas, Artaozus, Artagerses, Pharnuchus, Asiadatus, Adousius, unknown others
Strength
100,000+ 420,000, (reserves)? 300 chariots (Xenophon) 105,000 (Modern consensus)	30,000 to 50,000, 196,000, (reserves)? 300 camel cavalry, 700? chariots (300 engaged), 5-6 siege towers (Xenophon) 49,000 (Modern consensus)
Casualties and losses
Heavy	Light

The Battle of Thymbra was the decisive battle in the war between Croesus of the Lydian Empire against Cyrus the Great in the first months of 547 BC. Cyrus, having pursued Croesus into Lydia following the drawn Battle of Pteria, met the remains of Croesus' partly disbanded army in battle on the plain north of Sardis. Even though Croesus' army was reinforced with many new men, Cyrus utterly defeated it, despite being outnumbered more or less 2:1. This proved decisive, and after the 14 day Siege of Sardis, the city and possibly its king fell, and Lydia was conquered by the Persians.

The motives

Cyrus's plan was to catch the Lydian king unprepared for battle, but at Thymbra Croesus had more than twice as many men as Cyrus. The Lydians marched out to meet Cyrus and quickly armed all the reserves there, before their allies were to arrive, which they never did. According to Xenophon, Cyrus had 196,000 men in total, which was composed of 31,000 to ~70,000 Persians. This consisted of 20,000 infantry which may have included archers and slingers, 10,000 elite infantry/ cavalry, which may have been the Persian Immortals, plus 20,000 peltasts, finally there was the 20,000 pikemen, which were just the spear men. All are known to have carried small to large shields, except the archers and slingers. The others were, 42,000 Arabians, Armenians, and finally Medians, which amounted to 126,000 infantry. There were also 300 camel cavalry, 300 chariots, and 5-6 siege towers, which were known to hold 20 men each. It all amounted to 1,000+ men, partly because there was one citizen, and one soldier on each chariot.

The same historian says Croesus had 420,000 men in total, which was composed of 60,000 Babylonians, Lydians, and Phrygians, also Cappadocians, plus nations of the Hellespont, which amounted to 300,000 men which also had 60,000 cavalry in them. There were also 120,000 Egyptians, plus 300 chariots, which may have been 500+ men. The numbers of the battle given by Xenophon, even if untrue, are considered within the realm of possibility, but in most cases less than half may have engaged in the actual battle.

The battle

Cyrus deployed his troops with flanks refused in a great square formation. The flanks were covered by chariots, cavalry, and his best infantry and a newly organized camel corps. This improvised camel corps was formed by camels taken from the baggage train, and its sole purpose was to disrupt the Lydian cavalry.

As Cyrus expected, the wings of the Lydian army wheeled inward to envelop this novel formation. As the Lydian flanks swung in, gaps appeared at the hinges of the wheeling wings. Disorder was increased by the effective overhead fire of the Persian archers and mobile towers, stationed within the square. Cyrus then gave the order to attack, his flank units smashing into Croesus' disorganized wings. Herodotus gives an account of the battle but does not give any numbers. His account of the battle's progress and outcome, however, confirms that which Xenophon gives later.

Aftermath

After the battle all the Lydian lands were annexed by the Persian empire including the Greek cities of Ionia and Aeolis, which led to conflict between Greece and Persia. The surviving troops holed up in the nearby city of Ephesus and Sardis, which was captured after a short siege. According to the Greek author Herodotus, Cyrus treated Croesus well and with respect after the battle, but this is contradicted by the Nabonidus Chronicle [1], one of the Babylonian Chronicles (although whether or not the text refers to Lydia's king or prince is unclear).

See also

• Siege of Sardis (546 BC)

References

• Paul K. Davis (1999). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 1-57607-075-1.
• Alexander Campbell (1830). The Millennial Harbinger, Vol. I, No. IX.
• Dorling Kindersley (2005). Grant, R.G Battle, a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat pg 19. London, England.

External links

• Battle of Sardes pictures.
• Battle of Thymbra animated battle map by Jonathan Webb