Second Battle of the Corunna Road
| Battle of the Corunna Road | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Spanish Civil War | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Spanish Republic |
 Nationalist Spain |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| José Miaja Luis Barceló El Campesino Cipriano Mera Gustavo Durán Juan Modesto José María Galán |
José Enrique Varela Luis Orgaz Yoldi Sáenz de Buruaga Fernando Barrón Ortiz Francisco García Escámez |
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| Strength | |||||||
| 20,000 infantry, plus reinforcements T-26 medium tanks |
17,000 infantry and cavalry (Dec. 13)[1] eight artillery batteries of 105 and 155mm Panzer I light tanks |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 15,000 dead or wounded[2] | 15,000 dead or wounded[2] | ||||||
The Battle of the Corunna Road (Batalla de la Carretera de Coruña) was a battle of the Spanish Civil War from 13 December 1936 to 15 January 1937, northwest of Madrid.
Contents |
[edit] Background
The Battle of Madrid in November 1936 had been fought to a standstill, with the Nationalists under Franco failing to take the city. They then started to besiege it, aiming to cut its links to the rest of Spain. Franco decided to attack the city from the north-west in order to cut off water and electricity supplies from the Sierra de Guadarrama and encircle the city. After a failed offensive in November, the Nationalists summoned a force of 17,000 men, led by General Orgaz, with four mobile brigades (led by Garcia Escamez, Barron, Saenz de Buruaga and Monasterio), backed by heavy artillery and Ju-52 bombers. The Republican army had a few battalions led by Luis Barceló.[3]
[edit] The Battle
[edit] The Nationalist offensive
The Nationalist's offensive started with a heavy artillery bombardment on the 14 December and Franco's troops occupied the town of Boadilla del Monte. As a counter-measure the Republicans sent a detachment of Russian tanks led by General Pavlov and two International Brigades (XII and XIV) at Boadilla and re-occupied it. Yet they finally became cut-off in the town by Nationalist's counter-attacks and took a defensive stance. After a stalemate Orgaz decided to halt the offensive on 19 December after gaining a few kilometres.[4]
Towards the end of December, Orgaz received reinforcements and decided to relaunch the offensive on 3 January. The Republican high-command redeployed their units in the Pozuelo-Brunete sector. The Republicans had an army corps led by Miaja with five divisions (led by Nino Nanetti, Modesto, Colonels Perea, Adolfo Prada and Galan) but had little ammunition or supplies.[5]
As the Nationalists advanced on the right flank the Republican troops collapsed and Barron advanced from Boadilla and reached Las Rozas on 4 January. Yet in Pozuelo the Republican Modesto division, consisting of four mixed brigades, led by El Campesino, Luis Barcelo, Gustavo Duran and Cipriano Mera managed to hold the front. On 5 January Nationalist forces under Varela concentrated his eight batteries of 105 and 155mm artillery, tanks and aircraft on Pozuelo. The Republican troops collapsed and fled in disorder, despite their six Russian T-26 tanks having successfully destroyed 25 German light tanks. With Republican troops scattered without contact and no ammunition Miaja tried to regroup Lister's brigade and the XIV International Brigade as best as possible.[6]
The Nationalist columns reached the Corunna road at Las Rozas and surrounded Pozuelo. The Republican troops under the German Thälmann Battalion of the XIV International Brigade was ordered to hold Las Rozas and not to retreat. On 7 January the town was heavily shelled by the Nationalist troops and the Thälmann Battalion subsequently suffered appalling losses (only 35 men survived) - also Hugh Thomas said that many wounded were killed by the Nationalist regulares.[7]
[edit] Republican counter-attack
By 9 January the Nationalists had conquered seven miles of the Corunna Road from Puerta de Hierro to Las Rozas.[8] On 10 January the Republicans started a counter-offensive in heavy mist and cold and the XII International Brigade reached recaptured territory to the west of Madrid including the towns of Majadahonda, Villanueva, Pozuelo and Boadilla. However by 15 January both sides were exhausted and the battle ceased.[9]
[edit] Aftermath
The Nationalists cut the Corunna road, but failed to encircle Madrid from the west flank.[10]
[edit] Notes
- ^ Thomas 2001, p. 434
- ^ a b Thomas 2001, p. 438.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2006). The Spanish Civil War.. Penguin Books. p.474.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2006). The Spanish Civil War.. Penguin Books. pp.474–475.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2006). The Spanish Civil War.. Penguin Books. pp.478–9..
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2006). The Spanish Civil War.. Penguin Books. pp.476–8.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2006). The Spanish Civil War.. Penguin Books. p.479.
- ^ Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.. Penguin Books. P.192.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2001). The Spanish Civil War.. Penguin Books. p.480.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2006). The Spanish Civil War.. Penguin Books. p.480.
[edit] References
- Anthony Beevor (1999). The Spanish Civil War. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-352 81-0.
- Hugh Thomas (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75515-2.
