Bottom quark
| Composition | Elementary particle |
|---|---|
| Statistics | Fermionic |
| Generation | Third |
| Interactions | Strong, Weak, Electromagnetic force, Gravity |
| Symbol | b |
| Antiparticle | Bottom antiquark (b) |
| Theorized | Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa (1973)[1] |
| Discovered | Leon M. Lederman et al. (1977)[2] |
| Mass |
4.19+0.18 −0.06 GeV/c2 (1S scheme)[3] |
| Decays into | Charm quark, up quark |
| Electric charge | −1⁄3 e |
| Color charge | Yes |
| Spin | 1⁄2 |
| Weak isospin | LH: −1⁄2, RH: 0 |
| Weak hypercharge | LH: 1⁄3, RH: −2⁄3 |
The bottom quark or b quark (from its symbol, b), also known as the beauty quark, is a third-generation quark with a charge of −1⁄3 e. Although all quarks are described in a similar way by the quantum chromodynamics, the bottom quark's large bare mass (around 4,200 MeV/c2,[3] a bit more than four times the mass of a proton), combined with low values of the CKM matrix elements Vub and Vcb, gives it a distinctive signature that makes it relatively easy to identify experimentally (using a technique called B-tagging). Because three generations of quark are required for CP violation (see CKM matrix), mesons containing the bottom quark are the easiest particles to use to investigate the phenomenon; such experiments are being performed at the BaBar and Belle experiments. The bottom quark is also notable because it is a product in almost all top quark decays, and would be a frequent decay product for the hypothetical Higgs boson if it is sufficiently light.
The bottom quark was theorized in 1973 by physicists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa to explain CP violation.[1] The name "bottom" was introduced in 1975 by Haim Harari.[4][5] The bottom quark was discovered in 1977 by the Fermilab E288 experiment team led by Leon M. Lederman, when collisions produced bottomonium.[2][6][7] Kobayashi and Maskawa won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for their explanation of CP-violation.[8][9] On its discovery, there were efforts to name the bottom quark "beauty", but "bottom" became the predominant usage.
The bottom quark can decay into either an up or charm quark via the weak interaction. Both these decays are suppressed by the CKM matrix, making lifetimes of most bottom particles (~10−12 s) somewhat higher than those of charmed particles (~10−13 s), but lower than those of strange particles (from ~10−10 to ~10−8 s).
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[edit] Hadrons containing bottom quarks
Some of the hadrons containing bottom quarks include:
- B mesons contain a bottom quark (or its antiparticle) and an up or down quark.
- B
c and B
s mesons contain a bottom quark along with a charm quark or strange quark respectively. - There are many bottomonium states, for example the ϒ meson and χb(3P), the first particle discovered in LHC. These consist of a bottom quark and its antiparticle.
- Bottom baryons have been observed, and are named in analogy with strange baryons (e.g. Λ0
b).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b M. Kobayashi, T. Maskawa (1973). "CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction". Progress of Theoretical Physics 49 (2): 652–657. Bibcode 1973PThPh..49..652K. doi:10.1143/PTP.49.652. http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTP/49/652/pdf.
- ^ a b "Discoveries at Fermilab - Discovery of the Bottom Quark" (Press release). Fermilab. 7 August 1997. http://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/physics/discoveries/bottom_quark_pr.html. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- ^ a b c K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group) (2011). "PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'". Particle Data Group. http://pdg.lbl.gov/2011/tables/rpp2011-sum-quarks.pdf. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
- ^ H. Harari (1975). "A new quark model for hadrons". Physics Letters B 57 (3): 265. Bibcode 1975PhLB...57..265H. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(75)90072-6.
- ^ K.W. Staley (2004). The Evidence for the Top Quark. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 9780521827102. http://books.google.com/?id=K7z2oUBzB_wC.
- ^ L.M. Lederman (2005). "Logbook: Bottom Quark". Symmetry Magazine 2 (8). http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000195.
- ^ S.W. Herb et al. (1977). "Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions". Physical Review Letters 39 (5): 252. Bibcode 1977PhRvL..39..252H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252.
- ^ 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Makoto Kobayashi
- ^ 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Toshihide Maskawa
[edit] Further reading
- L. Lederman (1978). "The Upsilon Particle". Scientific American 239 (4): 72. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-72.
- R. Nave. "Quarks". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
- A. Pickering (1984). Constructing Quarks. University of Chicago Press. pp. 114–125. ISBN 0226667995.
- J. Yoh (1997). "The Discovery of the b Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story". Proceedings of Twenty Beautiful Years of Bottom Physics. Fermilab. http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1997/conf/Conf-97-432-E.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
[edit] External links
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