Cracticinae

Cracticinae
	Pied butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Artamidae
Subfamily:	Cracticinae; Chenu & des Murs, 1853

The Cracticinae, bellmagpies and allies, gathers together 12 species of mostly crow-like birds native to Australasia and nearby areas.

Historically, the cracticines – currawongs, Australian magpie and butcherbirds – were seen as a separate family Cracticidae and, according to the 2018 Cements List, they still are.^[1] With their 1985 DNA study, Sibley and Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between the woodswallows and the butcherbirds in 1985, and placed them in a Cracticini clade,^[2] now the family Artamidae.^[3] The two species of peltops were once placed with the monarch flycatchers but are now placed here.^[4]

The cracticines have large, straight bills and mostly black, white or grey plumage. All are omnivorous to some degree: the butcherbirds mostly eat meat; Australian magpies usually forage through short grass looking for worms and other small creatures; and currawongs are true omnivores, taking fruit, grain, meat, insects, eggs and nestlings. The female constructs bulky nests from sticks, and both parents help incubate the eggs and raise the young thereafter.^[5]

The cracticines, despite their fairly plain, utilitarian appearance, are highly intelligent and have extraordinarily beautiful songs of great subtlety. Particularly noteworthy are the pied butcherbird, the pied currawong and the Australian magpie.

Species of Cracticinae

Five genera are recognised. The Australian magpie is classified in its own genus Gymnorhina. A 2013 molecular study has shown it to be the sister taxon to the black butcherbird (Melloria quoyi).^[6]

Subfamily Cracticinae:

Image	Genus	Living species
	Peltops Wagler, 1829	Mountain peltops, Peltops montanus Lowland peltops, Peltops blainvillii
	Melloria (Mathews, 1912)	Black butcherbird, Melloria quoyi
	Gymnorhina Gray, GR, 1840	Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen
	Cracticus Vieillot, 1816	Grey butcherbird, Cracticus torquatus Silver-backed butcherbird, Cracticus argenteus Black-backed butcherbird, Cracticus mentalis Pied butcherbird, Cracticus nigrogularis Hooded butcherbird, Cracticus cassicus Tagula butcherbird, Cracticus louisiadensis
	Strepera Lesson, 1831	Pied currawong, Strepera graculina Black currawong, Strepera fuliginosa Grey currawong, Strepera versicolor

A fossil right scapula (MNZ S41061) found at the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand and dating from the Early to Middle Miocene (Awamoan to Lillburnian, 19-16 million years ago) represents a member of the Cracticinae.^[7]

Kurrartapu johnnguyeni was described from a proximal tarsometatarsus recovered from the Riversleigh site in Queensland. It is early Miocene in age and is closer to Strepera/Cracticus than to Peltops. The bird was likely similar in size to the extant black butcherbird.^[8]

References

^ "August 2018 | Clements Checklist".
^ Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE (1985). "The phylogeny and classification of Australo-Papuan passerine birds" (PDF). Emu. 85 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1985EmuAO..85....1S. doi:10.1071/MU9850001. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
^ Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
^ Sibley, CG; JE Ahlquist (1984). "The relationships of the Papuan genus Peltops". Emu. 84 (3): 181–183. Bibcode:1984EmuAO..84..181S. doi:10.1071/MU9840181.
^ Howley, Ian (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Kearns, Anna; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2013). "A Multilocus Coalescent Analysis of the Speciational History of the Australo-Papuan Butcherbirds and their Allies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 941–52. Bibcode:2013MolPE..66..941K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020. PMID 23219707.
^ Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A.; Douglas, B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand" (PDF). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 5 (1): 1–39. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5....1W. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957. hdl:2440/43360. S2CID 85230857.
^ Jacqueline M. T. Nguyen; Trevor H. Worthy; Walter E.Boles; Michael Archer (2013). "A new cracticid (Passeriformes : Cracticidae) from the Early Miocene of Australia". Emu. 113 (4): 374–82. Bibcode:2013EmuAO.113..374N. doi:10.1071/MU13017. S2CID 85069421.

[1] "August 2018 | Clements Checklist".

[SibAhl85-2] Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE (1985). "The phylogeny and classification of Australo-Papuan passerine birds" (PDF). Emu. 85 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1985EmuAO..85....1S. doi:10.1071/MU9850001. Retrieved 2009-04-15.

[CB08-3] Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.

[4] Sibley, CG; JE Ahlquist (1984). "The relationships of the Papuan genus Peltops". Emu. 84 (3): 181–183. Bibcode:1984EmuAO..84..181S. doi:10.1071/MU9840181.

[EoB-5] Howley, Ian (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.

[kearns13-6] Kearns, Anna; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2013). "A Multilocus Coalescent Analysis of the Speciational History of the Australo-Papuan Butcherbirds and their Allies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 941–52. Bibcode:2013MolPE..66..941K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020. PMID 23219707.

[7] Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A.; Douglas, B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand" (PDF). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 5 (1): 1–39. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5....1W. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957. hdl:2440/43360. S2CID 85230857.

[8] Jacqueline M. T. Nguyen; Trevor H. Worthy; Walter E.Boles; Michael Archer (2013). "A new cracticid (Passeriformes : Cracticidae) from the Early Miocene of Australia". Emu. 113 (4): 374–82. Bibcode:2013EmuAO.113..374N. doi:10.1071/MU13017. S2CID 85069421.

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