Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi

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Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi
بلال بن رباح
Bilal.jpg
Islamic miniature from Persia (c. 10th Century AD), depicting Bilal giving the call to prayer
Born c.580 AD
Mecca, Arabia
Died c. March 2, 640(640-03-02) (aged 59) AD
Damascus or Medina
Known for First muezzin in Islam
Religion Islam

Bilal ibn Rabah[1] (Arabic: بلال بن رباح‎) or Bilal al-Habashi (AD 580-640) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Originally from Ethiopia,[2][3] he was born in Mecca and is considered as the first muezzin[4] chosen by the prophet himself.

Bilal was among the emancipated slaves freed by Abu Bakr (see Muhammad's views on slavery) and was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people to their prayers. His name can also be known as, "Bilal ibn Riyah" or "ibn Rabah". He died sometime between 638 to 642, when he was just over sixty years old.

Bilal Ibn Rabah, was an emancipated slave of key importance in Islam. He is said to have been one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah (companion) of Muhammad. His respected stature during the birth of Islam is often cited by Muslims as evidence of the importance of pluralism and racial equality in the foundations of the religion.

Contents

Living with Muhammad[edit]

Slavery
Contemporary
Types
Historic
By country or region
Religion
Opposition and resistance
Related topics

According to Ibn Ishaq, Abdullah Ibn Zaid Ibn Abd Rabbihi went to Muhammad with his story that he saw Adhan in his dream, Muhammad, approving the method for calling to prayers, told him to ask an Ethiopian named Bilal, who had a marvelous voice, to call the Muslims to prayer (the Adhan). As Ibn Ishaq told the story (in Albert Guillaume's translation):

When the Apostle was told of this he said that it was a true vision if God so willed it, and that he should go to Bilal and communicate it to him so that he might call to prayer thus, for he had a more penetrating voice. When Bilal acted as muezzin, Umar I, who later became the second caliph, heard him in his house and came to the Apostle... saying that he had seen precisely the same vision. The Apostle said 'God be praised for that!'

Though slightly different versions of the story exist, all agree that Islam's first muezzin was Bilal.

One version states that one of the slaves of Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a terrible foe of Islam and Muhammad, was named Bilal. Bilal learned about Muhammad and his teachings and became Muslim, but kept his belief in secret. However, his master Umayyah came to know that he had opted to be a Muslim. So he started punishing him. He ordered his slaves to make him lay on the hot sand and put heavy stones on his body so that he could not move. After such punishments, news of this slave reached some of Muhammad's companions who told Muhammad of the slave. Muhammad then sent Abu Baker. Muhammad later learned of Bilal's unique way of praying and unique voice with which he spoke from the soul and as a result of this Bilal became the first muezzin.

"When noble traits are described in our country, thou art pointed out as a model among us."

Migration[edit]

In 622, the year of the Hijra, Bilal migrated to Medina and over the next decade accompanied Muhammad on all his military expeditions, and according to Islamic tradition, a lawyer revered by Muslims for his majestically sonorous renditions of the adhan. Bilal also carried Muhammad's spear, which was used from 624 onward to point the direction of prayer.

He fought in the Battle of Badr, in the aftermath of which he killed his former master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, in spite of the protestation of Umayyah's capturer and long-time friend Abdur Rahman bin Awf. Bilal was also present in all of the major events and battles, including the battles of Uhud and Battle of the Trench.

Bilal's finest hour came in January 630, on an occasion regarded as one of the most hallowed moments in Islamic history. After the Muslim forces had captured Mecca, Muhammad's muezzin ascended to the top of the Kaaba to call the believers to prayer, - the first time the call to prayer was heard within Islam's holiest city, however this was never proven and many dispute the fact that it would be against the faith to actually have climbed the Kaaba, no matter how big the conquest.

After Muhammad[edit]

Bilal's grave in Amman, Jordan

There are contradictory reports about what happened to Bilal after the death of Muhammad in 632. What seems clear is that at some point Bilal accompanied the Muslim armies to Syria.

After the death of Muhammed, Usama ibn Zayd continued a military expedition to Syria, as commanded by Muhammad. However, it is very uncertain if that is the army Bilal accompanied.

Sunni view[edit]

Sunni authors say that after Muhammad's death, Bilal never called Adhan. But when Caliph Umar visited Jerusalem, other Sahaba requested Umar to ask Bilal for one more last Adhan, and when Bilal did it, It was a very emotional moment for all of the Sahaba.[5]

Bilal's grave is now in the outskirts of Amman, Jordan, in a village called "Bilal". There is also another tomb in Damascus believed to be his.

Death date[edit]

Grave of Bilal, in Bab Saghir cemetery.

Bilal died there between 638 and 642, though the exact date of death and place of burial are disputed.

The Sunni scholar al-Suyuti in his Tarikh al-khulafa wrote:

He (Bilal) died in Damascus in 17 or 18 AH, but some say 20 AH, or even 21 AH when he was just over sixty years old. Some said he died in Madinah, but that is wrong. That is how it is in al-Isabah and other works such as the Tahdhib of an-Nawawi.[6]

Shia state that Bilal was one of Ali's devouted followers after the death of Muhammad, and that he died in Damascus around 20 AH, and was buried within Bab al-Saghir cemetery.

Legacy[edit]

Though there are some disagreements concerning the hard facts of Bilal's life and death, his importance on a number of levels is incontestable. Muezzin guilds, especially those in Turkey and Africa, have traditionally venerated the original practitioner of their noble profession, and African Muslims as a whole feel a special closeness and kinship to him; he was an Ethiopian, after all, who had been exceptionally close to Muhammad, and is a model of steadfastness and devotion to the faith. The story of Bilal, in fact, remains the classic and most frequently cited demonstration that in Muhammad's eyes, the measure of a man was neither nationality nor social status nor race, but piety. This is very clearly discussed in Muhammad's Last Sermon (Islam) in Mina:

O people! Your Lord is one Lord, and you all share the same father. There is no preference for Arabs over non-Arabs, nor for non-Arabs over Arabs. Neither is their preference for white people over black people, nor for black people over white people. Preference is only through righteousness.[7]

Sunni views[edit]

Edward Wilmot Blyden, himself a black man and former slave, wrote in 1874:

The eloquent Adzan or Call to Prayer, which to this day summons at the same hours millions of the human race to their devotions, was first uttered by a Negro, Bilal by name, whom Mohammed, in obedience to a dream, appointed the first Muezzin or Crier. And it has been remarked that even Alexander the Great is in Asia an unknown personage by the side of this honoured Negro.[8]

Shi'a view[edit]

Ali Asgher Razwy, a Shia Muslim Scholar states in his book, A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims:

If anyone wishes to see the real spirit of Islam, he will find it, not in the deeds of the nouveaux riches of Medina, but in the life, character and deeds of such companions of the Apostle of God as Ali ibn Abi Talib, Salman the Persian, Abu Dharr el-Ghiffari, Ammar ibn Yasir, Owais Qarni and Bilal. The orientalists will change their assessment of the spirit of Islam if they contemplate it in the austere, pure and sanctified lives of these latter companions.[9]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ *Bilal stands for "wetting, moistening" in Arabic.
  2. ^ http://books.google.co.za/books?id=jZEL3kdcQggC&q=Bilal#v=snippet&q=Bilal&f=false
  3. ^ http://books.google.co.za/books?id=aiEVpuoLK7cC&source=gbs_book_similarbooks
  4. ^ BBC - Religion & Ethics - Islam and slavery: Muhammad and slavery
  5. ^ The Story of Bilal
  6. ^ Narrators of the Muwatta of Imam Muhammad
  7. ^ Imam Ahmad(Musnad Ahmad (22391))
  8. ^ Mohammedanism and the Negro Race
  9. ^ A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims

External links[edit]

List of Ali's companions
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