Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | |
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phthalate.png) |
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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 117-81-7  |
| ChemSpider | 8040 |
| UNII | C42K0PH13C |
| KEGG | C03690 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL402794  |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C24H38O4 |
| Molar mass | 390.56 g mol−1 |
| Melting point |
-50 °C, 223 K, -58 °F |
| Boiling point |
385 °C, 658 K, 725 °F |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP; dioctyl phthalate, DOP), is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(C8H17COO)2. This compound is the most common of the class of phthalate plasticizers. It is the diester of phthalic acid and the branched-chain 2-ethylhexanol. This colourless viscous liquid is soluble in oil, but not in water.
Contents |
Production and use [edit]
The process entails the reaction of phthalic anhydride with 2-ethylhexanol:
- C6H4(CO)2O + 2 C8H17OH → C6H4(CO2 C8H17)2 + H2O
Approximately three billion kilograms are produced annually.[1]
2-Ethylhexanol is chiral, and the resultant DEHP consists of a mixture of R,R-, S,S-, and R,S- isomers (left).
Due to its suitable properties and the low cost, DEHP is widely used as a plasticizer in manufacturing of articles made of PVC.[1] Plastics may contain 1% to 40% of DEHP. It is also used as a hydraulic fluid and as a dielectric fluid in capacitors. DEHP also finds use as a solvent in glowsticks.
Environmental exposure [edit]
DEHP has a low vapor pressure, but the temperatures for processing PVC articles are often high, leading to release of elevated levels, raising concerns about health risks (see outgassing). It can be absorbed from food and water. Higher levels have been found in milk and cheese. It can also leach into a liquid that comes in contact with the plastic; it extracts faster into nonpolar solvents (e.g. oils and fats in foods packed in PVC). Food and Drug Administration (FDA) therefore permits use of DEHP-containing packaging only for foods that primarily contain water. In soil, DEHP contamination moves very slowly because of its low solubility in water. Therefore, leaching from disposed plastics in landfills is generally slow. The US EPA limits for DEHP in drinking water is 6 ppb. DEHP levels in milk, are found at 2000 times higher than the EPA Safe Drinking Water limits (12,000 ppb). Levels of DEHP in cheeses and creams are even higher, up to 200,000 ppb.[2] The U.S. agency OSHA's limit for occupational exposure is 5 mg/m3 of air.
Use in medical devices [edit]
DEHP has been used as a plasticiser in medical devices such as intravenous tubing and bags, catheters, nasogastric tubes, dialysis bags and tubing, and blood bags and transfusion tubing, and air tubes. For this reason, concern has been expressed about leachates transported into the patient, especially for those requiring extensive infusions, e.g. newborns in intensive care nursery settings, hemophiliacs, and kidney dialysis patients. According to the European Commission Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), exposure to DEHP may exceed the tolerable daily intake in some specific population groups, namely people exposed through medical procedures such as kidney dialysis.[3] The American Academy of Pediatrics has advocated not to use medical devices that can leach DEHP into patients and, instead, to resort to DEHP-free alternatives.[citation needed] In July 2002, the U.S. FDA issued a Public Health Notification on DEHP, stating in part, "We recommend considering such alternatives when these high-risk procedures are to be performed on male neonates, pregnant women who are carrying male fetuses, and peripubertal males" noting that the alternatives were to look for non-DEHP exposure solutions;[4] they mention a database of alternatives.[5] The CBC documentary The Disappearing Male raised concerns about sexual development in male fetal development, miscarriage (as DEHP is an androgen antagonist (not a pseudo-estrogen) found in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic products, many cosmetics and fragrances, and numerous other consumer products), and as a cause of dramatically lower sperm counts in men.[6]
Metabolism [edit]
DEHP hydrolyzes to MEHP (mono-ethylhexyl phthalate) and subsequently to phthalate salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the aldehyde and carboxylic acid.[1]
Effects on living organisms [edit]
Smaller penis size and other feminizing links [edit]
DEHP metabolites measured from the blood of pregnant women have been significantly associated with the decreased penis width, shorter anogenital distance, and the incomplete descent of testes of their newborn sons, replicating effects identified in animals.[7] Approximately 25% of US women have phthalate levels similar to those in the study.[7]
Obesity [edit]
A study on CDC data, published in Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP), "revealed that American men with abdominal obesity or insulin resistance (a precursor to diabetes) were more likely to have high levels of [DEHP and DBP] metabolites in their urine than men without those problems."[8]
Toxicity [edit]
The acute toxicity of DEHP is 30g/kg in rats (oral) and 24g/kg in rabbits (dermal).[1] Concerns instead focus on its potential as an endocrine disruptor. Some countries have banned DEHP from toys; see phthalate for legal status.
Cardiotoxicity [edit]
A clinically relevant dose and duration of exposure to DEHP has been shown to have a significant impact on the behavior of cardiac cells in culture. This includes an uncoupling effect that leads to irregular rhythms in vitro. This is observed in conjunction with a significant decrease in the amount of gap junctional connexin proteins in cardiomyocytes treated with DEHP.[9]
Alternative plasticizers [edit]
Manufacturers of flexible PVC articles can choose among several alternative plasticizers offering similar technical properties as DEHP. These alternatives include other phthalates such as diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di-2 propyl heptyl phthalate (DPHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and non-phthalates, e.g. 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), Dioctyl terephthalate bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (DOTP/DEHT), and citrates.
Government and industry response [edit]
Taiwan [edit]
In October 2009, Consumers' Foundation, Chinese Taipei (CFCT) published test results[10] that found 5 out of the sampled 12 shoes contained over 0.1% of phthalate plasticizer content, including DEHP, which exceeds the government's Toy Safety Standard (CNS 4797). CFCT recommend that users should first wear socks to avoid direct skin contact.
In May 2011, the illegal use of the plasticizer DEHP in clouding agents for use in food and beverages has been reported in Taiwan.[11] An inspection of products initially discovered the presence of plasticizers. As more products were tested, inspectors found more manufacturers using DEHP and DINP.[12] The Department of Health confirmed that contaminated food and beverages had been exported to other countries and regions, which reveals the widespread prevalence of toxic plasticizers.
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d Peter M. Lorz; Friedrich K. Towae; Walter Enke; Rudolf Jäckh; Naresh Bhargava; Wolfgang Hillesheim (2005), "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_181.pub2
- ^ National Institute of Health research www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926171
- ^ "Phthalates in school supplies". GreenFacts Website. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
- ^ FDA Public Health Notification: PVC Devices Containing the Plasticizer DEHP, USFDA July 12, 2002
- ^ Products for Hazard: DEHP, Sustainable Hospitals
- ^ The Disappearing Male – Sunday February 14, 2010 at 3 pm on CBC-TV, CBC
- ^ a b Pelley, Janet (November 2008). "Plasticizer may make boys less masculine". Environ Sci Technol. doi:10.1021/on.2008.11.12.154968. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
- ^ Emily Main. "Fat's Hidden Trigger". Archived from the original on 2008-08-29.
- ^ Gillum, N; Karabekian, Z; Swift, LM; Brown, RP; Kay, MW; Sarvazyan, N (2009). "Clinically relevant concentrations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) uncouple cardiac syncytium". Toxicology and applied pharmacology 236 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.027. PMC 2670944. PMID 19344669.
- ^ "《消費者報導雜誌》342期 第4至11頁「跟著流行走？踩著危機走！園丁鞋逾4成可塑劑超量」" (in zh-tw). Consumers' Foundation, Chinese Taipei (CFCT).
- ^ FOOD SCARE WIDENS:Tainted additives used for two decades: manufacturer, Taipei Times, May 29, 2011
- ^ 生活中心綜合報導 (2011-05-23). "塑化劑危機！台灣海洋深層水等4廠商飲料緊急下架" (in zh-tw). NOWnews. Retrieved 2011-5-25查閱.
External links [edit]
- FDA Public Health Notification: PVC devices containing the plasticizer DEHP
- ATSDR ToxFAQs
- National Pollutant Inventory - Bis 2 ethylhexyl phthalate fact sheet
- Eco-USA
- DEHP Information Centre (pro-DEHP, industry-backed group)
- Report on DEHP by noharm.org
- Detailed overview of medical DEPH effects and strategies to avoid it (German)
- Spectrum Laboratories Fact Sheet
- ChemSub Online : Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate -DEHP.
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