Black people in Europe
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| Frank Rijkaard · Alexandre Dumas · Naomi Campbell Chevalier de Saint-Georges · Rama Yade · Olaudah Equiano Yannick Noah · Samy Deluxe · Ainsley Harriott |
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English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Italian, Creole, others |
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Christianity, Islam, irreligious, others |
Black people in Europe (sometimes referred to as Afro-Europeans,[6] although this term is also used to describe people of mixed European and African descent, especially in the former European colonies[7][8]) are black people who are residents or citizens of European countries. They include immigrants as well as European-born people of Black African descent.
A Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly report on immigration from sub-Saharan Africa gives the number of sub-Saharan African migrants in Europe as between 3.5 and 8 million, concentrated mainly in Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom.[9] The report also notes that these figures are likely to underestimate the African migrant population due to factors such as illegal migration.[9]
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[edit] Immigration
During the period of 2000-2005, an estimated 440,000 people per year emigrated from Africa, most of them to Europe.[10] Most of this migration is illegal, and the European Union Frontex agency's "Operation Hermes" is monitoring the Mediterranean between North Africa and Italy. Due to increased border controls along the Mediterranean, there has been a shift of preferred migration routes towards Greece.
The figure of 0.44 million African emigrants per year (corresponding to about 0.05% of the continent's total population), including many Black Africans, pales in comparison to the annual population growth of about 2.6%, indicating that only about 2% of Africa's population growth is compensated for by emigration.
During the 2000s, North Africa has been receiving large numbers of Black African migrants "in transit", predominantly from West Africa, who plan to enter Europe. An annual 22,000 illegal migrants took the route from either Tunisia or Libya to the island of Lampedusa in the 2000-2005 period. This figure has decreased in 2006, but it has increased greatly as a result of the 2011 Tunisian revolution and the 2011 Libyan civil war. In 2005, 10,000 West African migrants heading for Europe were stranded in the Mauritanian port of Nouadhibou, and 20,000 Black African migrants were waiting for an opportunity to cross to Europe in the Spanish enclaves in North Africa.[11]
[edit] Demographics
Some of the larger populations of people of Black African ancestry living in Europe are:
| Country | Black Population | Article | Population centres | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 France |
No official data collected, unofficial estimates: 1.5–5 million[12]http://patricklozes.blogs.nouvelobs.com/archive/2010/12/18/la-france-plus-fermee-a-la-diversite-que-les-pays-de-l-est.html | Black people in France | Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Marseille, Nantes, Lille | Chiefly from West and Central African nations, the Caribbean (particularly Guadeloupe, Martinique and Haiti), and French Guiana. |
 Italy |
African immigrants to Italy | Rome, Milan, Palermo, Turin, Brescia, Venice, Naples | Mainly from Senegal, Nigeria, and Ghana. The black Caribbean mainly from Dominican Republic, Dominica, and Bahamas. | |
 United Kingdom |
3,624,700(2010)[2] | Black British (Black Caribbean, Black African, Other Black) |
London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, Liverpool, Nottingham | The 2001 census recorded 1,148,730 Black British people (not including those of mixed ethnicity) |
 Netherlands |
Afro-Dutch | Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Almere, Eindhoven | Mainly from the former Dutch colony Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, but also people from Cape Verde and other parts of Africa. | |
 Germany |
ca. 500,000[4] | Afro-Germans | Hamburg, Berlin, Frankfurt, Cologne | Ethnicity statistics are prohibited in Germany but the ISD (Initiative Schwarze Menschen in Deutschland / Initiative Black People in Germany) estimates a number of 500.000 Black Germans. It remains unclear if this number includes only black people with a German passport or if it includes every black person residing in Germany. |
 Portugal |
150,000[5] | Portuguese of Black African ancestry | Lisbon, Porto, Faro | Mostly from former Portuguese colonies in Africa, particularly Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Brazilians that may be Black (see Afro-Brazilian). |
 Belgium |
110,000 - 200,000 (Could be higher) | Brussels, Antwerp, Charleroi, Namur | Mostly from former colonies such as Congo and Rwanda, although immigrants from every African country are present in Belgium. | |
 Switzerland |
African immigrants to Switzerland | Geneva, Binningen, Giswil, Varen, Vevey, Berne, Fribourg, Lausanne | Mainly from Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon and Angola | |
 Ireland |
44,318 (2006)[13] | Black people in Ireland | Dublin, Port Laoise |
[edit] Notable individuals
- Historical Europeans of partial Black African ancestry
A number of famous European historical figures were of partial Black African ancestry, including Alexander Pushkin, Alexandre Dumas, George Polgreen Bridgetower, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor and John Archer.[14]
- Sports
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) |
Some of the most famous Black people in Europe are footballers in various European leagues. Frank Rijkaard became the first black person to Coach a European country when he was manager of the Netherlands in 2000, and has since had a successful spell coaching in Spain.[citation needed] Recently Senegalese born Pape Diouf became chairman of Olympique de Marseille.[citation needed] Paul Ince became the first black British manager of a Premier League football team after being named manager of Blackburn Rovers, having been the first black player to captain England.[citation needed] The England national football team has a number of black players since Viv Anderson became the first black player to start a match for the national team in 1978.[15] The France national football team has also featured significant numbers of black players, including, Thierry Henry, Marcel Desailly, Patrick Vieira and Lilian Thuram, who have all earned over 100 caps.
- Popular culture
Harry Roselmack became the first black prime-time news anchor on a mainstream TV channel in France in July 2006.[16][17] The first black prime-time newsreader in the UK was Trevor McDonald who was employed 37 years prior by the BBC in 1969.[18]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://paceebene.org/pace/nvns/nonviolence-news-service-archive/in-officially-colorblind-f[dead link]
- ^ a b "Population size: 7.9% from a minority ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcbs; see Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text - ^ a b Smith, David G. (2008-06-05). "German Newspaper Slammed for Racist Cover". Spiegel Online. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,557861,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- ^ a b "Quadro de Avaliação e Responsabilização 2008 (QUAR)" (in Portuguese). Estatísticas 2006. Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras. http://www.sef.pt/portal/v10/PT/aspx/estatisticas/index.aspx?id_linha=4224&menu_position=4142#0. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ Lusane, Clarence (2002). Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era. London: Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 0415932955. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dq6HzrFu_z4C&lpg=PA37&dq=%22Afro-Europeans%22&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Ashcroft, M. T.; Heneage, P.; Lovell, H. G. (1966). "Heights and weights of Jamaican schoolchildren of various ethnic groups". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 24 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330240105. PMID 5924765.
- ^ Feinberg, Harvey M. (1989). Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen in the Gold Coast during the Eighteenth Century. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 88. ISBN 0871697971. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3SELAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA89&dq=%22afro-europeans%22&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ a b "Immigration from sub-Saharan Africa". Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. 2008-02-11. http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc08/EDOC11526.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ World migration 2008: Managing labour mobility in the evolving global economy Volume 4 of IOM world migration report series, International Organization for Migration, Hammersmith Press, 2008 ISBN 9789290684053, pp. 38, 407.
- ^ 2006 OECD data, cited in World migration 2008, Hammersmith Press, 2008, ISBN 9789290684053, pp. 409-410.
- ^ Kimmelman, Michael (2008-06-17). "For blacks in France, Obama's rise is reason to rejoice, and to hope". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/arts/17abroad.html. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ^ Central Statistics Office (July 2007). "Census 2006: Volume 5 – Ethnic or Cultural Background (including the Irish Traveller Community)". Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 11. http://www.cso.ie/census/census2006results/volume_5/vol_5_2006_complete.pdf. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
- ^ "Black Europeans". British Library. http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/blackeuro/homepage.html. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ "England's first black international footballer". BBC Nottingham. 11 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/nottingham/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8649000/8649243.stm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Black TV Newsman is French First". BBC News. 2006-03-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4786376.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ Bennhold, Katrin (2006-08-02). "Black Anchor Fills Top Spot on French TV". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/08/02/news/anchor.php. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/trevor-mcdonald.html?
[edit] Further reading
- Mendoza, Cristobal (September 2003). "African Employment in Iberian Labour Markets: The Supply Side". Labour Immigration in Southern Europe: African Employment in Iberian Labour Markets. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 211. ISBN 0754618986. OCLC 224818002. http://books.google.com/?id=HxHXvGCtekIC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=%22africans+in+spain%22. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
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