Black Annis
Black Annis, also known as Black Agnes, is a bogeyman figure in English folklore. She is imagined as a blue-faced crone or witch with iron claws and a taste for human (especially child) flesh.[1] She is said to haunt the countryside of Leicestershire, living in a cave in the Dane Hills, with an oak tree at its entrance.[2]
She supposedly goes out onto the glens at night looking for unsuspecting children and lambs to eat, then tanning their skins by hanging them on a tree, before wearing them around her waist.[2] She would reach inside houses to snatch people. Legend has it that she used her iron claws to dig into the side of a sandstone cliff, making herself a home there which is known as Black Annis's Bower. The legend led to parents warning their children that Black Annis would catch them if they did not behave.[2]
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[edit] Origins
It is thought that the earliest written reference to Black Annis was from the eighteenth century, from which a title deed referred to a parcel of land as "Black Anny's Bower Close".[3]
The Black Annis figure has several possible origins. Some have claimed, as Lethbridge did, that the origin can be found in Celtic mythology, based on Danu (or Anu),[2] or it may derive from Germanic mythology (see Hel).[4] Donald A. McKenzie in his 1917 book Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe suggested the origin of the legend may go back to the mother-goddess of ancient Europe, which he contends was thought of as a devourer of children.[3] and he identified Black Annis as being similar to the Indic Kali, Gaelic Muilearteach and Cailleach Bheare,[5] the Greek Demeter, the Mesopotamian Labartu, the Egyptian Isis-Hathor and Neith.[3] It has been suggested that the legend may derive from a popular memory of sacrifice to an ancient goddess.[6] It is thought that offerings of children may have been made to the goddess that inspired the legend in the archaeological Hunting Period, the oak tree at the cave's entrance also a common site of local meetings.[3] Annis was also represented in cat form and the legend led to a local ritual in early spring, when a dead cat would be dragged before a pack of hounds in front of her bower, to celebrate the end of winter.[5]
Ronald Hutton however disagrees with such theories, in his book The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, suggests that the Black Annis of Leicestershire legend was based on a real person, Agnes Scott, a late medieval anchoress (or by some accounts a Dominican nun who cared for a local leper colony), born in Little Antrum, who lived a life of prayer in the cave in the Dane Hills, and was buried in the church yard in Swithland.[7][8] Hutton suggests that the memory of Scott was distorted into the image of Black Annis, either to frighten local children, or due to the anti-anchorite sentiment that arose from the Protestant Reformation.[7] In Victorian times, the story of Agnes Scott, or Annis, became confused with the similarly named goddess Anu. T.C. Lethbridge made this connection and went on to claim that Annis was the personification of the Great Goddess in crone form, leading to interest from Wiccan groups.[7] Her legend resembles the Black Lady of Bradley Woods.
[edit] In popular culture
In the 1992 Super Nintendo video game Gemfire, Black Annis had a random chance of terrorizing the people of a given territory, lowering their loyalty to the territory's ruler.
In his run on Doom Patrol, Scottish comics writer Grant Morrison made a monstrous figure with the same name one of the superpowered "alters" of his character Crazy Jane, who suffers from multiple personality disorder. This version of Black Annis is a blue-skinned, red-eyed, psychopath with sharp iron claws growing out of her knuckles.
Black Annis made a brief appearance in the short story "London Falling", which was published in the comic book 2000AD. The character also appeared briefly in the Dark Horse Comics series Hellboy: The Wild Hunt. The battle between her and Hellboy is recounted in a single panel in the fourth issue.
"Black Annis" is also the name of a song by Antje Duvekot. A different song of the same name, by Spiral Dance, is about Black Annis being misunderstood as an evil witch.
In the Dungeons & Dragons role playing game the annis hag is a powerful monstrous humanoid.
A boogeyman creature, quite similar to Black Annis, is mentioned in the stealth-action game "Thief: Deadly Shadows". Some of the minor characters spread rumors about a bent cannibal hag, snatching children and flaying them.
Black Annis is mentioned briefly in Michael Scott's novel The Alchemyst and its sequel, The Magician. She is said to be a vile and dark creature, and even thinking about her can cause madness.
Black Annis is mentioned as one of the Wych-kin in Chris Wooding's The Haunting of Alaizabel Cray, and is initially suggested to be Stitch-Face's mother.
Variations on the name are often used for witch or magic-related characters, such as DC Comics' Black Alice or the Discworld universe's Black Aliss.
[edit] References
- ^ Briggs, Katharine Mary (1976) An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Pantheon Books, ISBN 9780394734675, p.24
- ^ a b c d Alexander, Marc (2002) A Companion to the Folklore, Myths & Customs of Britain, BCA, p.23
- ^ a b c d MacKenzie, Donald A. (1917) Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe, Kessinger, p.111-122
- ^ Black Annis - leicester legend or Widespread Myths
- ^ a b Turner, Patricia & Coulter, Charles Russell (2001) Dictionary of Ancient Deities, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195145045, p.102
- ^ Spence, Lewis (1972) The Minor Traditions of British Mythology, Ayer, ISBN 9780405089893, p.29
- ^ a b c Hutton, Ronald (2001) The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780192854490, p.274-275
- ^ BBC - h2g2 - Black Annis - Legend of Leicester
