# Blanuša snarks

Blanuša snarks
The first Blanuša snark
Named after Danilo Blanuša
Vertices 18 (both)
Edges 27 (both)
Diameter 4 (both)
Girth 5 (both)
Automorphisms 8, D4 (1st)
4, Klein group (2nd)
Chromatic number 3 (both)
Chromatic index 4 (both)
Properties Snark (both)
Hypohamiltonian (both)
Cubic (both)
Toroidal (only one)[1]

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Blanuša snarks are two 3-regular graphs with 18 vertices and 27 edges.[2] They were discovered by Croatian mathematician Danilo Blanuša in 1946 and are named after him.[3] When discovered, only one snark was known—the Petersen graph.

As snarks, the Blanuša snarks are connected, bridgeless cubic graphs with chromatic index equal to 4. Both of them have chromatic number 3, diameter 4 and girth 5. They are non-hamiltonian but are hypohamiltonian.[4]

## Algebraic properties

The automorphism group of the first Blanuša snark is of order 8 and is isomorphic to the Dihedral group D4, the group of symmetries of a square.

The automorphism group of the second Blanuša snark is an abelian group of order 4 isomorphic to the Klein four-group, the direct product of the Cyclic group Z/2Z with itself.

The characteristic polynomial of the first and the second Blanuša snark are respectively :

$(x-3)(x-1)^3(x+1)(x+2)(x^4+x^3-7x^2-5x+6)(x^4+x^3-5x^2-3x+4)^2\$
$(x-3)(x-1)^3(x^3+2x^2-3x-5)(x^3+2x^2-x-1)(x^4+x^3-7x^2-6x+7)(x^4+x^3-5x^2-4x+3).\$

## Generalized Blanuša snarks

There exists a generalisation of the first and second Blanuša snark in two infinite families of snarks of order 8n+10 denoted $B_n^1$ and $B_n^2$. The Blanuša snarks are the smallest members those two infinite families.[5]

In 2007, J. Mazak proved that the circular chromatic index of the type 1 generalized Blanuša snarks $B_n^1$ equals $3+{\frac {2} {n}}$.[6]

In 2008, M. Ghebleh proved that the circular chromatic index of the type 2 generalized Blanuša snarks $B_n^2$ equals $3+{\frac {1} {\lfloor 1+3n/2\rfloor}}$.[7]

## References

1. ^ Orbanić, Alen; Pisanski, Tomaž; Randić, Milan; Servatius, Brigitte (2004). "Blanuša double". Math. Commun. 9 (1): 91–103.
2. ^
3. ^ Blanuša, D., "Problem cetiriju boja." Glasnik Mat. Fiz. Astr. Ser. II. 1, 31-42, 1946.
4. ^ Eckhard Steen, "On Bicritical Snarks" Math. Slovaca, 1997.
5. ^ Read, R. C. and Wilson, R. J. An Atlas of Graphs. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 276 and 280, 1998.
6. ^ J. Mazak, Circular chromatic index of snarks, Master's thesis, Comenius University in Bratislava, 2007.
7. ^ M. Ghebleh, Circular Chromatic Index of Generalized Blanuša Snarks, The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, vol 15, 2008.