Blin language

Blin
ብሊና
Region	central Eritrea
Native speakers	91,000  (2006)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Cushitic Agaw Northern Blin
Language codes
ISO 639-2	byn
ISO 639-3	byn

The Blin language (ብሊና b(ə)lina or bɨlina) has approximately 70,000 speakers in and around the city of Keren in Eritrea. It is the only Agaw (Central Cushitic) language spoken in Eritrea. Other languages of the Agaw people, such as the Agaw of Shoa or the Agaw of Lasta, are considered to be the non-Semitic aboriginal languages used and formerly used by Amharas and speakers of Tigrinya. Blin speakers seem to represent a colony from the Ethiopian highland region.^{[citation needed]}

Spelling of the name

"Blin" is the English spelling preferred by native speakers, but Bilin and Bilen are also commonly used. Bilin is the reference name arbitrarily used in the current initial English editions of ISO 639-3, but Blin is also listed as an equivalent name without preference. In the English list of ISO 639-2, Blin is listed in first position in both English and French lists, when Bilin is listed as an alternate name in the English list, and Bilen is the alternate name in the French list. The Ethnologue report lists Bilen as the preferred name, but also Bogo, Bogos, Bilayn, Bilin, Balen, Beleni, Belen, Bilein, Bileno, North Agaw as alternative names.

Phonology

It is not clear if Bilin has tone. It may have pitch accent (Fallon 2004), as prominent syllables always have high tone, but not all words have such a syllable.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

Consonants

Note: /tʃ/ is found in loans and the status of /ʔ/ as a phoneme is uncertain.

/r/ is typically realised as a tap when it is medial and a trill when it is in final position.

Consonant phonemes

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar or palatal	Velar		Pharyn- geal	Glottal
						plain	labialized
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless			t	(tʃ)	k	kʷ		(ʔ)
	voiced	b		d	dʒ	ɡ	ɡʷ
	ejective			tʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ
Nasal		m		n		ŋ	ŋʷ
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	ʃ	x	xʷ	ħ	h
	voiced			z				ʕ
Rhotic				r
Approximant	central				j		w
	lateral			l

Fallon (2001, 2004) notes intervocalic lenition, such as /b/ → [β]; syncope, as in the name of the language, /bɨlín/ → [blín]; debuccalization with secondary articulation preserved, as in /dérekʷʼa → [dɛ́rɛʔʷa] 'mud for bricks'. Intriguingly, the ejectives have voiced allophones, which according to Fallon (2004) "provides an important empirical precedent" for one of the more criticized aspects of the glottalic theory of Indo-European. For example,

Ejective consonant	Voiced allophone	Gloss
/laħátʃʼɨna/	[laħádʒɨna]	'to bark'
/kʼaratʃʼna/	[kʼaradʒna]	'to cut'
/kʷʼakʷʼito/	[ɡʷaʔʷito]	'he was afraid'

Writing system

Ge'ez abugida

See also: Ge'ez alphabet#Modifications for other languages

A writing system for Blin was first developed by missionaries who used the Ge'ez abugida and the first text was published in 1882. Although the Ge'ez script is usually used for Semitic languages, the phonemes of Blin are very similar. (7 vowels, labiovelar and ejective consonants.) The script therefore only requires a slight modification (the addition of consonants for ŋ and ŋʷ) to make it suitable for Blin. Some of the additional symbols required to write Blin with this script are in the "Ethiopic Extended" Unicode range rather than the "Ethiopic" range.

Blin Ethiopic Characters

IPA	e	u	i	a	ie	ɨ/-	o	ʷe	ʷi	ʷa	ʷie	ʷɨ/-
h	ሀ	ሁ	ሂ	ሃ	ሄ	ህ	ሆ
l	ለ	ሉ	ሊ	ላ	ሌ	ል	ሎ
ħ	ሐ	ሑ	ሒ	ሓ	ሔ	ሕ	ሖ
m	መ	ሙ	ሚ	ማ	ሜ	ም	ሞ
s	ሰ	ሱ	ሲ	ሳ	ሴ	ስ	ሶ
ʃ	ሸ	ሹ	ሺ	ሻ	ሼ	ሽ	ሾ
r	ረ	ሩ	ሪ	ራ	ሬ	ር	ሮ
kʼ	ቀ	ቁ	ቂ	ቃ	ቄ	ቅ	ቆ	ቈ	ቊ	ቋ	ቌ	ቍ
ʁ	ቐ	ቑ	ቒ	ቓ	ቔ	ቕ	ቖ	ቘ	ቚ	ቛ	ቜ	ቝ
b	በ	ቡ	ቢ	ባ	ቤ	ብ	ቦ
t	ተ	ቱ	ቲ	ታ	ቴ	ት	ቶ
n	ነ	ኑ	ኒ	ና	ኔ	ን	ኖ
ʔ	አ	ኡ	ኢ	ኣ	ኤ	እ	ኦ
k	ከ	ኩ	ኪ	ካ	ኬ	ክ	ኮ	ኰ	ኲ	ኳ	ኴ	ኵ
x	ኸ	ኹ	ኺ	ኻ	ኼ	ኽ	ኾ	ዀ	ዂ	ዃ	ዄ	ዅ
w	ወ	ዉ	ዊ	ዋ	ዌ	ው	ዎ
ʕ	ዐ	ዑ	ዒ	ዓ	ዔ	ዕ	ዖ
j	የ	ዩ	ዪ	ያ	ዬ	ይ	ዮ
d	ደ	ዱ	ዲ	ዳ	ዴ	ድ	ዶ
dʒ	ጀ	ጁ	ጂ	ጃ	ጄ	ጅ	ጆ
ɡ	ገ	ጉ	ጊ	ጋ	ጌ	ግ	ጎ	ጐ	ጒ	ጓ	ጔ	ጕ
ŋ	ጘ	ጙ	ጚ	ጛ	ጜ	ጝ	ጞ	ⶓ	ⶔ	ጟ	ⶕ	ⶖ
tʼ	ጠ	ጡ	ጢ	ጣ	ጤ	ጥ	ጦ
tʃʼ	ጨ	ጩ	ጪ	ጫ	ጬ	ጭ	ጮ
f	ፈ	ፉ	ፊ	ፋ	ፌ	ፍ	ፎ
z	ዘ	ዙ	ዚ	ዛ	ዜ	ዝ	ዞ
ʒ	ዠ	ዡ	ዢ	ዣ	ዤ	ዥ	ዦ
tʃ	ቸ	ቹ	ቺ	ቻ	ቼ	ች	ቾ
ɲ	ኘ	ኙ	ኚ	ኛ	ኜ	ኝ	ኞ
sʼ	ጸ	ጹ	ጺ	ጻ	ጼ	ጽ	ጾ
pʼ	ጰ	ጱ	ጲ	ጳ	ጴ	ጵ	ጶ
p	ፐ	ፑ	ፒ	ፓ	ፔ	ፕ	ፖ
v	ቨ	ቩ	ቪ	ቫ	ቬ	ቭ	ቮ
IPA	e	u	i	a	ie	ɨ/-	o	ʷe	ʷi	ʷa	ʷie	ʷɨ/-

Latin alphabet

In 1985 the Eritrean People's Liberation Front decided to use the Latin script for Blin and all other non-Semitic languages in Eritrea. This was largely a political decision: the Ge'ez script is associated with Christianity because of its liturgical use. The Latin alphabet is seen as being more neutral. In 1993 the government set up a committee to standardize the Blin language and the Latin-based orthography. (Fallon, Blin Orthography[1])

As of 1997, the alphabetic order was:

e, u, i, a, é, o, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, ñ, ñw, th, ch, sh, kh, kw, hw, qw, gw.

Also khw.

Their values are similar to the IPA apart from the following:

Letter	Value
é	ɨ
c	ʕ
j	dʒ
q	kʼ
x	ħ
y	j
ñ	ŋ
th	tʼ
ch	tʃʼ
sh	ʃ
kh	x

See also

• Blin people

References

• Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals
• Language, Education, and Public Policy in Eritrea
• Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). "Ethiopic Writing". The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. 
• "Some Standardization of Blin Writing". Retrieved 20 February 2012. 
• "Principles and Specification for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards". Retrieved 20 February 2012. 

External links

• Ethnologue
• Online Blin language tutorial

Further reading

• F.R. Palmer. 1958. "The noun in Bilin," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 21:376-391.
• Leo Reinisch. 1882. Die Bilin-Sprache in Nordost-Afrika. Vienna: Carl Gerold's Sohn.
• A.N. Tucker & M.A. Bryan. 1966. Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
• Paul Fallon, 2001. "Some phonological processes in Bilin". In Simpson, ed, Proceedings of the 27th annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.
• ——— 2004. "The best is not good enough". In Akinlabi & Adesola, eds, Proceedings: 4th World Congress of African Linguistics