Bolivarianism

"Bolivarian" redirects here. For the political movement in Venezuela involving this ideology, see Bolivarian Revolution.

Bolivarianism is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of South America, especially Venezuela. Bolivarianism is named after Simón Bolívar, the 19th century Venezuelan general and liberator who led the struggle for independence throughout much of South America.

Bolivarianism of Hugo Chavez

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In recent years, Bolivarianism's most significant political manifestation was in the government of Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez, who from the beginning of his presidency called himself a Bolivarian patriot and applied his interpretation of several of Bolívar's ideals to everyday affairs, as part of the Bolivarian Revolution. That included the 1999 Constitution, which changed Venezuela's name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and other ideas such as the Bolivarian Schools, Bolivarian Circles, and the Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela. Often, the term Bolivarianism is used specifically to refer to Chávez's rule. The central points of Bolivarianism, as extolled by Chávez,^{[citation needed]} are:

• South American economic and political sovereignty (anti-imperialism)
• Grassroots political participation of the population via popular votes and referendums (participatory democracy)
• Economic self-sufficiency (in food, consumer durables, etc.)
• Instilling in people a national ethic of patriotic service
• Equitable distribution of (South America's) vast natural resources
• Eliminating corruption

Chávez's version of Bolivarianism, although drawing heavily from Simón Bolívar's ideals, was also drawn from the writings of Marxist historian Federico Brito Figueroa. Chávez was also influenced by the South American tradition of cooperativism early in his life, such as that practiced by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Salvador Allende. Other key influences on Chávez's political philosophy include Ezequiel Zamora and Simón Rodríguez. Although Chávez himself referred to his ideology as Bolivarianismo ("Bolivarianism"), Chávez's supporters and opponents in Venezuela refer to themselves as being either for or against "chavismo".^{[citation needed]} Chávez supporters refer to themselves as "chavistas."^{[citation needed]}

Later in his life, Chávez would acknowledge the role that democratic socialism (a form of socialism that emphasizes grassroots democratic participation in neighbourhood committees that are apart from the constitutional democratic institutions) plays in Bolivarianism. For example, on 30 January 2005 at the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, Chávez declared his support for democratic socialism as integral to Bolivarianism, proclaiming that humanity must embrace "a new type of socialism, a humanist one, which puts humans, and not machines or the state, ahead of everything." He later reiterated this sentiment in a 26 February speech at the 4th Summit on Social Debt held in Caracas.

Other definitions and dispute

Historically, there has been no universally accepted definition as to the proper use of the terms Bolivarianism and Bolivarian within all the countries in the region. Many different leaders, movements and parties have indistinctly used them to describe themselves throughout most of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Pan-Americanism

Main article: Pan-Americanism

People who have called themselves bolivarianos claim to follow the general ideology expressed in Bolívar's texts such as the Carta de Jamaica and the Discurso de Angostura. Some of Bolívar's ideas include forming a union of Latin American countries, providing public education, and enforcing sovereignty to fight against foreign invasion, which has been interpreted to include economic domination by foreign powers. An example of such a union was Gran Colombia, a block of countries consisting of Venezuela, Colombia, Panamá (part of New Granada in that time) and Ecuador.

The Colombian insurgent group FARC has, in recent years, also considered itself to be inspired by Bolívar's ideals and by his role in the 19th century independence struggle against Spain. It has also publicly declared its sympathy towards Hugo Chávez and his Bolivarian Revolution, though none of the either confirm or deny any involvement with the insurgent group.

A Venezuelan guerrilla organization, the Bolivarian Forces of Liberation, also espouses Bolivarianism, although it is not known if they have any ties to the Venezuelan government.

It is also worthy of notice that, while many Bolivarianists often include Brazil in their plans for unification and integration of South America, it is mostly unknown among Brazilians or widely regarded as a foreign movement, particularly due to the language difference and the fact that a part of the Brazilian media does not see Brazil as a 'typical' Latin American country, and does not emphasize Bolivarianism.^{[citation needed]}

Chavismo

Main article: Chavismo

Bolivarianism in Venezuela is also referred to (sometimes pejoratively by its opponents) as chavismo or "Chavezism". Adherents are referred to as chavistas.

Several political parties in Venezuela support chavismo. The main party, directly affiliated with Chávez, is the PSUV, United Socialist Party of Venezuela, which replaced the Fifth Republic Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Quinta Republica, usually referred to by the three letters, MVR). Other parties and movements supporting chavismo include Communist Party of Venezuela, Venezuelan Popular Unity and Tupamaros.

The left-wing Fatherland for All (Spanish: Patria Para Todos or PPT), Movement for Socialism (Spanish: Movimiento al Socialismo or MAS ), Radical Cause (Spanish: Causa R) and For Social Democracy (Spanish: Por la Democracia Social) initially supported chavismo, but they have since distanced themselves from it, and now oppose it. For Social Democracy is the latest party to oppose this movement.^{[citation needed]}

A 2002 article in The Boston Globe said chavismo "fueled the eruption of public fury that swept the charismatic and confrontational president back into power after a group of military officers deposed him for two days in April in favor of a businessman-president," adding that the "Chavismo phenomenon has almost religious qualities."

According to an article in the New York Sun, Chavezism was rejected in recent elections in Peru, Colombia and Mexico, and El Universal reports that former Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva distanced himself from Chavezism, saying that Brazil is not Venezuela, and has traditional institutions.

In early May 2008, prior to embarking on a one-week Latin America trip that took her to Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and lastly Peru, where the European Union-Latin America summit took place the week starting 18 May, Angela Merkel, Germany's chancellor, declared: "President Chavez does not speak for Latin America. Every country has its own voice with which it pursues its own interests." This was a statement which brought an immediate aggressive response from Venezuela's president, and some minor attached consequences.

See also

• List of political parties in Venezuela

External links

• Karl Marx's article about Bolivar in the New American Encyclopedia 1858
• Hugo Chávez and Bolivarian Nationalism
• The Enduring Spell of Bolívar
• Chavez's Ace - Venezuelan Leader Taps Bolivar Myths, Cults
• (Mis)understanding Chavez and Venezuela in Times of Revolution
• Venezuela Assembly Rubber-stamps Socialist Changes by Christopher Toothaker, AP, 12 August 2009
• Venezuela Slum takes Socialism beyond Chavez by Esteban Israel, Reuters, July 2010