Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
| Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests | |
|---|---|
| Ecology | |
| Biome | Tropical moist broadleaf forest |
| Bird species | 370[1] |
| Mammal species | 122[1] |
| Geography | |
| Area | 56,700 km2 (21,900 sq mi) |
| Countries | Bhutan and India |
| Conservation | |
| Protected | 5%[1] |
The Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of eastern India and southern Bhutan.
Contents |
[edit] Location and description
The ecoregion covers 56,700 square kilometers (21,900 sq mi) and encompasses the alluvial plain of the upper Brahmaputra River as it moves westward through India's Assam state (with small parts of the ecoregion in the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland and also south Bhutan). The valley lies between the Himalayas to the north and the Lushai hills to the south and when the river floods during the June to September monsoon it brings up to 300 cm of water onto the plain carrying rich soils to create a fertile environment which has been extensively farmed for thousands of years. Other rivers that water the plains as well as the Brhamaputra include the Manas and the Subansiri.[1]
[edit] Flora
The extensive farming has meant that the original semi-evergreen forest now exists only in patches. It consisted of Syzygium, Cinnamomum and Magnoliaceae evergreens along with deciduous trees such as Terminalia myriocarpa, Terminalia citrina, Terminalia tomentosa, Tetrameles species with and undergrowth of Phoebe, Machilus, and Actinodaphne laurels, Polyalthias, Aphanamixis, and cultivated Mesua ferrea and species of mahogany, cashews, nutmegs and magnolias, with bamboos such as Bambusa arundinaria and Melocanna bambusoides.
[edit] Fauna
Despite the centuries of human clearance and exploitation, the forests and grasslands along the river remain a habitat for a variety of wildlife including Tiger(Panthera tigris), Clouded Leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), Capped Langur, (Semnopithecus pileatus), Gaur (Bos gaurus), Barasingha deer (Cervus duvaucelii), Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus), wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), India's largest population of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) and the world's largest population of Indian Rhinoceros, while Asian Black Bears live in the higher slopes of the valley sides. Most of these mammals are threatened or endangered species. The Brahmaputra is a natural barrier to the migration of much wildlife and many species, such as the Pygmy Hog, Hispid Hare, or the Malayan Sun Bear, Pig-tailed macaque, Golden langur, Stump-tailed macaque, Western Hoolock Gibbon live on one side of the river only. The area is a meeting point of species of Indian and Malayan origin. The endemic mammals of the valley are the pygmy hog and the hispid hare, both of which inhabit the grasslands of the riverbanks.
The valley is home to a rich bird life with 370 species of which two are endemic, the Manipur Bush Quail (Perdicula manipurensis) and the Marsh Babbler (Pellorneum palustre) and one, the Bengal florican is very rare. Woodland birds like Kaleej pheasant, Great Hornbill, Rufous necked Hornbill, Brown Hornbill, Oriental Pied Hornbill, Grey Hornbill, Peacock pheasant, Tragopan are quite common.
[edit] Threats and preservation
This area has been densely populated for centuries and most of the valley has been and still are used for agriculture but some blocks of natural habitat do remain, mainly in national parks the largest of which are Manas, Dibru-Saikhowa and Kaziranga National Parks in India. In Bhutan, these areas are part of Royal Manas National Park.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d "Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests (IM0105)". World Wildlife Fund. 2001. http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0105_full.html. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
