Brassinosteroid
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of polyhydroxysteroids that have been recognized as a sixth class of plant hormones. These were first explored nearly 40 years ago, when Mitchell et al. reported promotion in stem elongation and cell division by the treatment of organic extracts of rapeseed (Brassica napus) pollen.[1] Brassinolide was the first isolated brassinosteroid in 1979, when pollen from Brassica napus was shown to promote stem elongation and cell divisions, and the biologically active molecule was isolated.[2][1] The yield of brassinosteroids from 230 kg of Brassica napus pollen was only 10 mg. Since their discovery, over 70 BR compounds have been isolated from plants.[3]
The BR is biosynthesised from campesterol. The biosynthetic pathway was elucidated by Japanese researchers and later shown to be correct through the analysis of BR biosynthesis mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana, tomatoes, and peas.[4] The sites for BR synthesis in plants have not been experimentally demonstrated. One well-supported hypothesis is that all tissues produce BRs, since BR biosynthetic and signal transduction genes are expressed in a wide range of plant organs, and short distance activity of the hormones also supports this.[5][6] Experiments have shown that long distance transport is possible and that flow is in an acropetal direction, but it is not known if this movement is biologically relevant.[5] Brassinosteroids are recognized at the cell membrane, although they are membrane-soluble.
BRs have been shown to be involved in numerous plant processes:
- Promotion of cell expansion and cell elongation;[5] works with auxin to do so.[7]
- It has an unclear role in cell division and cell wall regeneration.[5]
- Promotion of vascular differentiation; BR signal transduction has been studied during vascular differentiation.[8]
- Is necessary for pollen elongation for pollen tube formation.[9]
- Acceleration of senescence in dying tissue cultured cells; delayed senescence in BR mutants supports that this action may be biologically relevant.[5]
- Can provide some protection to plants during chilling and drought stress.[5]
Extract from the plant Lychnis viscaria contains a relatively high amount of Brassinosteroids. Lychnis viscaria is said[by whom?] to increase the disease resistance of surrounding plants. In Germany, extract from the plant is allowed for use as a "plant strengthening substance."
24-Epibrassinolide (EBL), a brassinosteroid isolated from Aegle marmelos Correa (Rutaceae), was further evaluated for the antigenotoxicity against maleic hydrazide (MH)-induced genotoxicity in Allium cepa chromosomal aberration assay. It was shown that the percentage of chromosomal aberrations induced by maleic hydrazide (0.01%) declined significantly with 24-epibrassinolide treatment.[10]
BRs have been reported to counteract both abiotic and biotic stress in plants.[11][12] Application of brassinosteroids to cucumbers was demonstrated to increase the metabolism and removal of pesticides, which could be beneficial for reducing the human ingestion of residual pesticides from non-organically grown vegetables.[13] In all Type of brassinosteroids 28-homoBL is the most effective type of brassinosteroids. (sandeep kumar et al. 2010 Jour. of Indian bot society) Brassinosteroids increased tolerance to high temperature in Brassica juncea L. (Kumar S. 2010) The ability of 28-homobrassinolide to confer resistance to stress in Brassica juncea L. has also established (sandeep kumar). Application of 24-epiBL have any protective role on shoot, root length, soluble protein, proline content and peroxidases along with proline content PPO and IAA in seedlings of B. juncea L. under seasonal stress (Geetika Sirhindi)
[edit] References
- ^ a b Grove, Michael D.; Spencer, Gayland F.; Rohwedder, William K.; Mandava, Nagabhushanam; Worley, Joseph F.; Warthen, J. David; Steffens, George L.; Flippen-Anderson, Judith L. et al (1979). "Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen". Nature 281 (5728): 216–217. Bibcode 1979Natur.281..216G. doi:10.1038/281216a0.
- ^ Grove, M.D.; Spencer, G.F.; Rohwedder, W.K.; Mandava, N.; Worley, J.F.; Warthen, J.D.; Ste; Flippen-Anderson, J.L. et al (1979). "Brassins: a new family of plant hormones from rape pollen". Nature 225 (5237): 1065–66. Bibcode 1970Natur.225.1065M. doi:10.1038/2251065a0. PMID 16056912.
- ^ Bajguz, A. (2007). "Metabolism of brassinosteroids in plants". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 45 (2): 95–107. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.01.002. PMID 17346983.
- ^ Fujioka, S; Sakurai, A. (1997). "Biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids". Physiologia Plantarum 100 (3): 710–15. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03078.x.
- ^ a b c d e f Clouse, SD; Sasse, JM. (1998). "Brassinosteroids: Essential regulators of plant growth and development". Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49: 427–51. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.427.
- ^ Li, JM; Chory, J. (1997). "A putative leucine rich repeat receptor kinase involved in brassinosteroid signal transduction". Cell 90 (5): 929–38. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80357-8. PMID 9298904.
- ^ Nemhauser, Jennifer L.; Mockler, Todd C.; Chory, Joanne (2004). "Interdependency of Brassinosteroid and Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis". PLoS Biology 2 (9): e258. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020258. PMC 509407. PMID 15328536. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=509407.
- ^ Caño-Delgado, A; Yin, Y; Yu, C; Vafeados, D; Mora-Garcia, S; Cheng, JC; Nam, KH; Li, J et al (2004). "BRL1 and BRL3 are novel brassinosteroid receptors that function in vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis". Development (Cambridge, England) 131 (21): 5341–51. doi:10.1242/dev.01403. PMID 15486337.
- ^ Hewitt, FR; Hough, T; O'Neill, P; Sasse, JM; Williams, EG; Rowan, KS (1985). "Effect of brassinolide and other growth regulators on the germination and growth of pollen tubes of "Prunus avium" using a multiple hanging drop assay". Aust. J Plant Physiol 12 (2): 201–11. doi:10.1071/PP9850201.
- ^ Sondhi, N.; Bhardwaj, R.; Kaur, S.; Singh, B.; Kumar, N. (2008). "Isolation of 24-epibrassinolide from leaves of "Aegle marmelos" and evaluation of its antigenotoxicity potential employing Allium cepa chromosomal aberration assay". Plant Growth Regul 54 (3): 217–224. doi:10.1007/s10725-007-9242-7.
- ^ Sharma, P.; Bhardwaj, R. (2007). "Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on growth and metal uptake in "Brassica juncea" L. under copper metal stress". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1007/s11738-007-0032-7.
- ^ Sharma, P; Bhardwaj, R; Arora, HK; Arora, N; Kumar, A. (2008). "Effects of 28-homobrassinolide on nickel uptake, protein content and antioxidative defence system in "Brassica juncea". Biol. Plant 52 (4): 767–770. doi:10.1007/s10535-008-0149-6.
- ^ Xiao Jian, Xia; Zhang, Y; Wu, JX; Wang, JT; Zhou, YH; Shi, K; Yu, YL; Yu, JQ (2009). "Brassinosteroids Promote Metabolism of Pesticides in Cucumber". J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (18): 8406–8413. doi:10.1021/jf901915a. PMID 19694443.
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