Briz-M
| Manufacturer | Khrunichev |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Russia |
| General Characteristics | |
| Diameter | 4.10 metres (13.5 ft) |
| Length | 2.61 metres (8 ft 7 in) |
| Engine details | |
| Engines | 1 RD-2000[1] |
| Thrust | 19.6 kilonewtons (4,400 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 326 sec |
| Fuel | N2O4/UDMH |
The Briz-M (Russian: Бриз-М meaning Breeze-M), is a Russian orbit insertion upper stage manufactured by Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center and used on the Proton-M rocket.
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[edit] Characteristics
The Briz-M upper stage is designed for injecting heavy and/or large payloads into a low, medium-height or high Geosynchronous orbit.[2] The main engine can be restarted up to 8 times in flight and allows the stage to offer high precision placement of the spacecraft into orbit.[3] Orbital lifetime of the Briz-M is limited only by available onboard battery power and is currently 24 hours.[3] The total time of the standard Proton/Breeze-M mission profile from lift-off to spacecraft separation is approximately 9.3 hours.[3] A Proton launch vehicle with a Briz-M upper stage can also inject payloads to Earth escape trajectories.[3]
One of system's design goals has been to keep overall dimensions as small as possible. Briz-M takes much less space on board the launch vehicle compared to its predecessor, the Block D upper stage, leaving freed volume for the cargo.[4] A Proton with a Briz-M can place a 4,385 kg satellite, such as an A2100AX, into a target orbit with an apogee of 35,786 km, a perigee of 7,030 km, and an inclination of 17.3°.[5][6] Maximum lift capability of the Briz-M stage is 5,645 kg to geosynchronous transfer orbit with a 1,500 m/sec residual velocity to GSO.[1] A tandem launch of multiple spacecraft is also supported, with the ability to inject the spacecrafts into different orbits.[1]
Briz-M is a twin upper stage consisting of a core module (using Briz-KM as the baseline) and a jettisonable add-on doughnut tank surrounding the core.[2] It is powered by a one pump-fed gimballed main engine (RD-2000.)[1] The Briz-KM is a single-piece structure with a conical tank compartment and the engine located in a recess in the fuel tank.[7] The Briz-KM is used as a third stage of the Rockot launch vehicles.[8]
[edit] History
Briz-M completed its maiden flight in May 2000, when it is delivered the Gorizont communications satellite into orbit.[citation needed]
It is planned to use Briz-M with the A3 and A5 versions of the future Angara rocket family.[2]
[edit] Launch chronology
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| 1999 July 5 | launch failure due to explosion of Proton second stage. Carried a Raduga communication satellite. |
| 2000 June 6 | successful launch of a Gorizont communication satellite. |
| 2003 June 6 | successful launch of an Americom communication satellite. |
| 2003 December 10 | successful launch of three GLONASS positioning satellites. |
| 2006 February 28[9] | launch failure leaves Briz-M and payload in unusable orbit. Carried an Arabsat-4M communication satellite. The booster eventually explodes on February 19, 2007, producing over 1000 trackable pieces of space debris.[10][11] |
| 2007 July 7 | successful launch of DirecTV-10 |
| 14 March 2008 | failed during second burn, leaving AMC-14 in useless orbit. The failure was caused by a ruptured exhaust gas conduit, which led to a shutdown of the turbo pump feeding the Briz-M engine.[12] |
| 19 August 2008 | successful launch of the Inmarsat 4 F3 satellite. A modification was made to the Briz-M engine to include a new conduit in response to the March 14 failure. This modification will be used in all future launches.[12][13] |
| 20 September 2008 | successful launch of Nimiq-4[14] |
| 5 November 2008 | successful launch of Astra 1M from Baikonur, Kazakhstan |
| 10 December 2008 | successful launch of Ciel-2 from Baikonur.[15] |
| 11 February 2009 | successful launch of Express-AM44 and Express-MD1 from Baikonur |
| 1 July 2009 | successful launch of Sirius FM-5 from Baikonur[16] |
| 3 February 2011 | Failed launch of Geo-IK-2 satellite from Plesetsk - failed Briz-KM restart.[17] |
| 17 August 2011 | Failed launch of Ekspress-AM4 satellite from Baikonur - lost contact with Briz-M on fourth burn.[18] |
[edit] References
- "Proton 8K82K / Briz-M". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/probrizm.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ a b c d Proton/Breeze-M International Launch Services, retrieved on 2009-03-23
- ^ a b c "Breeze M upper stage". Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=49. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ a b c d Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide International Launch Services. Retrieved on 2008-03-23
- ^ http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton.html
- ^ "orbit.jpg". Khrunichev. http://coopi.khrunichev.ru/2007/sirius/images/orbit.jpg.
- ^ "Breeze-M Powered Flight". Khrunichev. http://coopi.khrunichev.ru/eng/pl_pusk.htm.
- ^ "Breeze KM upper stage". Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=50. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ "Russia launches relay craft, commemorative satellite". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0805/23rockot/.
- ^ Spaceflight Now - Proton rocket fails in Arab satellite launch
- ^ "Rocket Explosion". Spaceweather.com. 2007-02-22. http://www.spaceweather.com/. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ Than, Ker (2007-02-21). "Rocket Explodes Over Australia, Showers Space with Debris". Space.com. http://www.space.com/news/070221_rocket_explodes.html. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ a b PROTON BREEZE M CLEARED FOR RETURN TO FLIGHT
- ^ ILS PROTON SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES INMARSAT-4 F3 SATELLITE
- ^ http://www.ilslaunch.com/nimiq-4-mission-control
- ^ http://www.ilslaunch.com/news-12100
- ^ "LS PROTON SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES SIRIUS FM-5 SATELLITE". International Launch Services. 2009-07-01. http://www.ilslaunch.com/news-070109. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ "Russia Loses Contact with Military Satellite". GPS World. 2011-02-03. http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/news/russia-loses-contact-with-military-satellite-11033. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ^ "FAILURE: Proton-M launch with Ekspress-AM4 satellite - August 18, 2011". NASA Space Flight. 2011-08-18. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/proton-m-launches-russias-ekspress-am4-communications-satellite/. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
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