British Israelism

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British Israelism (also called Anglo-Israelism) is the belief that people of Western European descent, particularly those in Great Britain, are the direct lineal descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The concept often includes the belief that the British Royal Family is directly descended from the line of King David.^[1][2] There has never been a single head or an organisational structure to the movement. Adherents may hold a diverse set of beliefs and claims that are ancillary to the core genealogical theory.

The central tenets of British Israelism contradict modern genetic, linguistic, archeological and historical evidence. They are considered without scientific credibility.^[3][4] The concept and theory details have been thoroughly criticized.

[edit] Scope of the movement

[edit] Growth and spread of the belief

The theory of British Israelism arose in England, from where it spread to the United States.^[5] Although British-Israelists will cite various ancient manuscripts to claim an ancient origin for British Israelism, the belief appears to have gained momentum since the English Revolution of the seventeenth century. It increased during the "Christian Restorationism" movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. One of the ancient manuscripts often cited is the "Declaration of Arbroath", written in 1320 by members of the Scottish nobility in Latin to the Pope John XXII. This declaration, as an introduction to the Scottish people and their history, narrates the journey of Israelite tribes. Allegedly they left Scythia, traveled through Spain, and ended in the British Isles.^[6]

Title page of Richard Brothers's book A Revealed Knowledge of the Prophesies and Times, from 1795.

One of the first published accounts of the theory of an Israelite genealogy of the British was The Rights of the Kingdom by John Sadler, published in 1649.^[7] But, it was only in the late 1700s, during a religious climate of Millenarianism, that British Israelism became a distinct ideology, based on the preaching and writings of two men, Richard Brothers and John Wilson.^[8] Brothers was the first to expound upon his version of British Israelism, but he was said to lack credibility due to alleged mental illness and extreme tendencies.^[9][10] Wilson adopted and promoted the idea that the "European 'race', in particular the Anglo-Saxons, were descended from certain Scythian tribes, and these Scythian tribes (as many had previously stated from the Middle Ages onward) were in turn descended from the ten Lost Tribes of Israel." (Parfitt, 2003. p. 54)^[11] Wilson's ideas were to be refined, and new ideas were developed, well into the second half of the nineteenth century. Wilson gave public lectures to spread his message but did not form any organisation or movement.

Other books from this period detailing the theory were Ezra Stiles' The United States elevated to Glory and Honor (1783), and Richard Brothers' A Revealed Knowledge of the Prophecies and Times (1794). Also cited as an original work is Rev. John Wilson's Our Israelitish Origins (1840s).

British Israelism was a contentious movement since its early roots. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Edward Hine and Edward Wheeler Bird developed it further. Hine happened to be related to George Rawlinson, "who attacked his work mercilessly: the attendant publicity was sufficient enough to launch a full-scale controversy." (Parfitt, 2003. p. 54)^[12] Hine departed England for the United States in 1884, where he promoted the idea that Americans were the lost tribe of Manasseh, whereas England was the lost tribe of Ephraim.^[13]

In 1919 the British-Israel-World Federation was founded in London. During this time, several prominent figures patronized the organisation: Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, was Patron-in-chief in pre-World War II days. One of the most notable members was William Massey, then Prime Minister of New Zealand. The organisation continues to exist, with its main headquarters located in Bishop Auckland in County Durham. It maintains local chapters throughout the British Isles. The most recently established chapter is in BIWF-USA, based in Heber Springs, Arkansas.

[edit] Modern adherents

Due to the expansive nature of the British Empire, believers in British Israelism spread worldwide. It became most prevalent in the United States, England, and various Commonwealth nations. The theory was widely promoted in the United States during the 20th century.

Howard Rand promoted the theory and became National Commissioner of the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America in 1928. He published The Bulletin, later renamed The Messenger of the Covenant. More recently, it has been renamed Destiny. It is issued by Destiny Publishers.^[14]

The theory of British Israelism was also vigorously promoted by Herbert W. Armstrong,^[15] founder and former Pastor General of the Worldwide Church of God. Armstrong believed the was a key to understanding biblical prophecy: "One might ask, were not biblical prophecies closed and sealed? Indeed they were--until now! And even now they can be understood only by those who possess the master key to unlock them." (Armstrong, 1967, p. 5)^[16] Armstrong believed that he was called by God to proclaim the prophecies to the Lost Tribes of Israel before the "end-times".^[17] Armstrong's belief caused his separation from the Church of God Seventh Day because of its refusal to adopt the theory.

Armstrong created his own church, first called the "Radio Church of God" and later renamed the "Worldwide Church of God".^[17] He described British Israelism as a "central plank" of his theology.^[18] (See 'Armstrongism'.)

After Armstrong's death, his former church, which changed its name to Grace Communion International (GCI) in 2009, abandoned its belief in British Israelism. It offers an explanation of the doctrine's origin and its abandonment by the church at its official website.^[19]

Church members who disagreed with such doctrinal changes left the Worldwide Church of God/GCI to form offshoot churches. Many of these organizations, including the Philadelphia Church of God and the United Church of God, still teach British Israelism. Armstrong promoted other genealogical history theories, such as teaching that modern-day Germany now represents ancient Assyria. He wrote in chapter 5 of his Mystery of the Ages (1985), "The Assyrians settled in central Europe, and the Germans, undoubtedly, are, in part, the descendants of the ancient Assyrians." (p. 183).

The late Professor Roger Rusk (1906–1994), brother of former U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, was a prominent teacher of British Israelism. He worked for 13 years as a public school teacher. After completing his doctorate in physics, he worked for 28 years as a professor at the University of Tennessee, where he became Emeritus Professor of Physics. He was also a member of the American Physical Society and the Tennessee Academy of Science.

In Britain, the theology of British Israelism has been taught by a few small Pentecostal churches including the Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship, an early offshoot of the Elim Pentecostal Church. The latter church does not hold to the British-Israel doctrine.

In London the Orange Street Congregational Church^[20] teaches a form of British Israelism, and the Ensign Trust publishes The Ensign Message in its furtherance. In Australia the Christian Revival Crusade, founded by Leo Harris, once taught this theology but abandoned it. The Revival Centres International, a prominent group that separated from the Crusade, and other splinter groups, continue to teach the doctrine. The "Churches of God" in Ireland are also known for their teaching on this subject.

A variant of British Israelism formed the basis for a racialized theology and became known as Christian Identity, which has at its core the belief that non-Caucasian people do not have a soul and therefore cannot be saved.^[21]

Brit-Am is an organization (founded ca.1993) based in Israel, which also identifies the Lost Ten Tribes with the British and related peoples. Brit-Am uses biblical and rabbinical exegesis to justify its beliefs, supplemented by secular studies.

[edit] General Overview

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[edit] Biblical Passages

The main body of evidence consists of what believers consider to be Biblical identification marks and the birthright blessings given to Joseph (Genesis 49:22; I Chronicles 5:1-2) and to his two sons Ephraim and Manasseh (Genesis 48:14-20). They believe these apply to Great Britain and the United States.^[22] Adherents believe that biblical prophecies reveal that Israel will lose all trace of her lineage (Isaiah 42:19, Hosea 1:9), will become a great and mighty nation (Genesis 12:2, 18:18, Deuteronomy 4:7-8), be named "Great," (i.e. Great Britain) (Genesis 12:2), will be a blessing to other nations (Genesis 12:2-3), that they will become many nations (Genesis 17:4), that their descendants will be kings and rulers (Genesis 35:11), that they will keep the Sabbath (Exodus 31:13), that they will be a missionary nation (Isaiah 49:6, 66:19), will rule over others (Genesis 27:29, Deuteronomy 15:6), become envied and feared (Deuteronomy 2:25, 4:8, 28:10), that they will lend to other nations (Deuteronomy 15:6), that Israel will inhabit the isles of the sea (Isaiah 24:15), that Israel's new home will be northwest of Eretz Israel (Isaiah 49:12), and that it will spread abroad (Gen. 49:22).

[edit] Legends and folklore

Proponents of British Israelism believe that ancient British folklore contains many legends connecting Britain with Biblical Israel.

These include but are not limited to:

1. The story that Saint Joseph of Arimathea (Jesus' great-uncle) traveled to Glastonbury some time after Christ's crucifixion and established an early Christian community.^[23]
2. Suggestions that the Stone of Scone might be the Stone of Jacob.
3. Legends that the Israelite prophet Jeremiah may have been the "Olam Fadlah" of Celtic lore.
4. The claim that Saint Paul visited Britain and that the early Christian followers of Israelite origin married members of the native population and gave birth to the Welsh people of Wales and the Cornish people of Cornwall.
5. The legends of the Historia Regum Britanniae connecting Britain to the Mediterranean and the Middle East and to the detailed early Welsh/Brythonic genealogies.
6. The coming of Brutus of Troy (Britis) to Great Britain after the burning of Troy. His genealogy was said to be traceable to the Israelite tribe of Benjamin, and his alleged descendants were said to be the Britons (namely the Bretons of Brittany, the Welsh, Cornish and Manx people).
7. The Matter of Britain, detailing the Arthurian Legend and its comparison to biblical books.
8. The claims by Henry VIII that he was descended from King Arthur,^[24] who legend said was the eighth generation from Joseph of Arimathea.^[25]
9. B'ney BRIT is the Hebrew for "children of the covenant", referring to Abraham's covenant with God; this is possible etymological evidence for Britons getting their name from the covenant.
10. Celtic peoples are the sons of Japhet, son of Noah; which makes them and the Britons literally cousins of the Semitic peoples related to Noah.
11. The mythological link of Indo-European-speaking and West Semite peoples by similarities in language and history in the 1st millennia BC.
12. The Galileans have a similar tribal name to that of the Gaels/Gauls of Western Europe^{[citation needed]}
13. Another theory that the Jutes, or Jylland, of Denmark and Northern Germany have a name that is similar to the word "Yude" and "Jude" which translates to "Jew" or "Jewish".^{[citation needed]}

Each of these stories has been incorporated into the British Israel theory as evidence to support the belief in a tangible biological connection between the people of Britain and the people of the Holy land.^{[citation needed]} Critics^[who?] contend that these stories are apocryphal. They originated during the Protestant Reformation and as England rejected the Holy See's authority during the reign of Henry VIII.

[edit] Connecting the deported Israelites with the Saka

Jehu kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III on the Black Obelisk.

The key component of British Israelism is its representation of the migrations of the Lost Tribes of Israel. Adherents believe that the Behistun Inscription connects the people known in Old Persian and Elamite as Saka, Sacae or Scythian with the people known in Babylonian as Gimirri or Cimmerian.

The theory further suggests that the "Cimmerians / Scythians" are synonymous with the deported Israelites. George Rawlinson wrote:

The archeologist and British Israelite, E. Raymond Capt, claimed that there were similarities between King Jehu's pointed headdress and that of the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Inscription.^[28] He also posited that the Assyrian word for the House of Israel, Khumri, after Israel's King Omri of the 8th century BCE, is phonetically similar to Gimirri.^[28] (Cimmerian)

[edit] Connecting the Saka-Scythians to the Celts.

Adherents say that Saka-Scythians (whom they believe to be the Lost Tribes of Israel) migrated north and west after Cyrus the Great conquered the city of Babylon, and were forced yet further north and west by migrating / invading Sarmatians. The Sarmatians were also called “Scythians” by the Greeks but Herodotus suggests that the former “Scythians” were called "Germain Scythians" (meaning "True Scythian") whereas the Sarmatians were simply called “Scythians.” It is suggested that the term "Germain Scythian" is synonymous with "Germanii" or, in modern times, "Germanic" or "German."

Late nineteenth-century Celtic language scholar John Rhys stated that

...the (Celtic) Kymry were for some time indifferently called Cambria or Cumbria, the Welsh word on which they are based being, as now written, Cymru ... and is there pronounced nearly as an Englishman would treat it if spelled Kumry or KUMRI.^[29]

Rhys argued that both Celts and the Scythians came from an area south-east of the Black Sea, and migrated westward to the coast of Europe. He compared the Welsh autonym, Cymru, with the name of the Cimmerians, Kumri. He believed that the names Iberia for Spain, and Hibernia for Ireland were connected to a variation of "Hebrew" and that this was evidenced in philology.^[30]

The Brit-Am Organization believes that Jewish sources concerning the Lost Ten Tribes parallel what is known concerning the early Scythians. Amongst other points, the Scythians are believed to have settled in the Land of Israel during the reign of King Josiah ben Amon of Judah, as the Lost Tribes were said to have done.

[edit] Theological claims that assert a racial lineage

As with Judaism, British Israelism asserts theologically related claims of a genetic link to the early Israelites. As such, it is based on a genealogical construct. This belief is typically confined to the geo-political status or the prophetical identity of the nation, not to the individual's superiority or salvation status with God.

Due to the diverse structure of the movement, other elements of its belief and its key doctrines may be embraced by individual adherents. British Israel theology varies from the conventionally Protestant Christian. More extreme forms include the Christian Identity Movement, which has some .historic roots in British-Israelism^[31] The core belief of British Israelism is that the Anglo-Saxon peoples of Britain and Northern Europe have a direct genetic connection to the Ancient Israelites mentioned in the Bible. Most British Israel movements believe that personal, individual salvation is open to all people.

[edit] Criticism

[edit] Lack of consistency with modern genetic findings

Human genetics does not support British Israelism's notion of a close lineal link between Jews and Western Europeans. Genetic research on the Y-chromosomes of Jews has found that Jews are closely related to other populations originating in the Middle East, such as Kurds, Turks, Armenians and Arabs, and concluded that:

Middle Eastern populations...are closely related and...their Y chromosome pool is distinct from that of Europeans. (Nebel, 2001.)^[32]

Y-DNA Haplogroups J2 and, to a lesser extent, J1 are most commonly identified in Jewish people, which is in contrast to Western Europeans. The more distant Haplogroup R1b is the most commonly identified in Europeans.^{[33][34][35][36]}

[edit] Research standards

Critics of British Israelism note that the arguments presented by promoters of the theory are based on unsubstantiated and highly speculative amateur research. Tudor Parfitt, an eminent researcher on the subject of the Lost Tribes and author of "The Lost Tribes: The History of a Myth", states that the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre." (Parfitt,2003. p. 61.)^[3]

Other critics cite similar problems:

“When reading Anglo-Israelite literature, one notices that it generally depends on folklore, legends, quasi-historical genealogies and dubious etymologies. None of these sources prove an Israelite origin for the peoples of northwestern Europe. Rarely, if ever, are the disciplines of archeology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics or historiography applied to Anglo-Israelism. Anglo-Israelism operates outside the sciences. Even the principles of sound biblical exegesis are seldom used, for...whole passages of Scripture that undermine the entire system are generally ignored...Why this unscientific approach? This approach must be taken because to do otherwise is to destroy Anglo-Israelism's foundation.” (Orr, 1995)^[4]

[edit] Historical linguistics

Proponents of British Israelism claim numerous links in historical linguistics between ancient Hebrew and various European place names and languages.^[37][38] As an example; proponents claim that “British” is derived from the Hebrew words “Berit” and “Ish”, and should therefore be understood as “Covenant Man”. Critics, however, argue that these words have other roots and that this interpretation of the Hebrew is incorrect.^[39] Another example is Rhys' assertion of equivalence between Cymry and Cimmerian, which is at odds with the generally accepted derivation of Cymry from an earlier Celtic form *kom-broges, meaning "people of the same country"; only the modern form of the word looks similar.^[40][41] Yet another example is the alleged connection between the 'Tuatha Dé Danann' and the Tribe of Dan. Secular sources indicate that the true root of this phrase is the 'People of the Goddess Danu'.^[42] Other links are claimed, but cannot be substantiated and contradict the findings of academic linguistic research. This shows conclusively that English belongs to the Indo-European language family and is unrelated to Hebrew, which is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. “No trace of the slightest real connection can be discovered” between English and ancient Hebrew. (Greer, 2004. p74.)^[43][44]

[edit] Scriptural interpretation

Adherents of British Israelism cite various scriptures in support of the argument that the Northern Israelite Tribes were lost. Critics argue that British Israelists misunderstand and misinterpret the meaning of these scriptures.^[4][45][46]

• One such case is the distinction that British Israelists make between the “Jews” of the Southern Kingdom and the “Israelites” of the Northern Kingdom. They believe that the Bible consistently distinguishes between the two groups. Critics counter that many of these scriptures are misinterpreted because the distinction between “Jews” and “Israelites” was lost over time after the captivities.^[45][47] They give examples such as the Apostle Paul, who is referred to as both a Jew (Acts 21:39) and an Israelite (2 Corinthians 11:22) and who addressed the Hebrews as both “Men of Judea” and “Fellow Israelites”. (Acts 2:14,22.) (Greer, 2004. p22)^[45] Many more examples are cited by critics.

• British Israelists believe that the Northern Tribes of Israel were “lost” after the captivity in Assyria and that this is reflected in the Bible. Critics disagree with this assertion and argue that only higher ranking Israelites were deported from Israel and many Israelites remained.(Dimont, 1933. p5)^[46][47] They cite examples after the Assyrian captivity, such as Josiah, King of Judah, who received money from the tribes of “Manasseh, and Ephraim and all the remnant of Israel”, (2 Chronicles 34:9) and Hezekiah, who sent invitations not only to Judah, but also to northern Israel for the attendance of a Passover in Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30) (Dimont, 1933.)^[46] (Note that British Israelites interpret 2 Chronicles 34:9 as referring to "Scythians" in order to fit with their theory.)

• British Israelism states that the Bible refers to the Lost Tribes of Israel as dwelling in “isles”, (Isaiah 49:1,3) which they interpret to mean the British Isles. Critics assert that the word “isles” used in English-language bibles should more accurately be interpreted to mean “coasts” or “distant lands” “without any implication of their being surrounded by the sea.” (The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901. Vol.1, page 600.) For example, some English translations refer to Tyre as an ‘isle’, whereas a more accurate description is that of a ‘coastal town.’ (Greer, 2004. p25)^[45]

• Another is the issue of identity of the Samaritans (an ethno-religious group of the Levant), mentioned in the Gospels, who believe their descent is from a group of Israelite inhabitants who have connections to ancient Samaria from the beginning of the Babylonian Exile up to the time of Christ.

[edit] Historical speculation

British Israelism rests on linking different ancient populations. This includes links between the “lost” tribes of Israel, the Scythians, Cimmerians, Celts, and modern Western Europeans such as the British. To support these links, adherents claim that similarities exist between various cultural aspects of these population groups, and they argue that these links demonstrate the migration of the “lost” Israelites in a westerly direction. Examples given include burial customs, metalwork, clothing, dietary customs, and more.^[48] Critics argue that the customs of the Scythians and the Cimmerians are in contrast with those of the Ancient Israelites.^[46][49] Further, the so-called similarities and theories proposed by adherents are contradicted by the weight of evidence and research on the history of ancient populations. It does not provide support for the purported links.^[50]

[edit] Ideology

Parfitt suggests that the idea of British Israelism was inspired by numerous ideological factors, such as the desire for ordinary people to have a glorious ancestral past, pride in the British Empire, and the belief in the "racial superiority of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants".^[37]

[edit] Key writings and people

[edit] Key works

• J. H. Allen, Judah’s Sceptre and Joseph’s Birthright, fifteenth edition (Haverhill, Mass.: Destiny Publishers, [1902] 1917)
• W. G. Mackendrick (The Roadbuilder), The Destiny of Britain and America, new edition, revised (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1922).
• H. W. Armstrong, The United States and Britain in Prophecy, 1954, 1967.
• W.H. (William Howard) Bennett, Symbols Of Our Celto-Saxon Heritage, 1976, 1985, 1995; and Story Of Celto-Saxon Israel, 2002, 2005
• Steven M Collins,The Origins and Empire of Ancient Israel, 2002; Israel's Lost Empires, 2002; Parthia: The Forgotten Superpower and its Role in Biblical History, 2003; and Israel's Tribes Today, 2005

Books, journal articles and Web articles that criticize the historical and theological basis for Anglo-Israelism include:

• Baron, David. The History of the Ten "Lost" Tribes: Anglo-Israelism Examined. 1915.
• Darms, Anton. "The Delusion of British Israelism: A comprehensive Treatise." Our Hope, New York.
• Kellogg. Howard. "British-Israel Identity." American Prophetic League, Los Angeles
• May, H.G. 16 September 1943. "The Ten Lost Tribes", Biblical Archeologist, volume 16, p55-60.
• McQuaid, Elwood. Dec./Jan. 1977-78 "Who Is a Jew? British-Israelism versus the Bible", Israel My Glory, p. 35
• Wilson, John. Fall 1968. "The Relation Between Ideology and Organization in a Small Religious Group: The British Israelites". The Review of Religious Research, p51-60.
• "British Israelism: A Mirage" Nettelhorst, R.P. April/May & June 1979. Accessed: 2009-01-10
• "The Legend of British-Israel" Dimont, C.T. 1933 Accessed: 2009-01-10
• "The British-Israel Myth - Christian Identity and the Lost Tribes of Israel" Greer, Nick. September 2004 Accessed: 2009-01-10
• "The History of the Ten "Lost" Tribes: Anglo-Israelism Examined" Baron, David. 1915, Morgan & Scott LD. Accessed: 2009-01-10
• "How Anglo-Israelism Entered Seventh-day Churches of God: A history of the doctrine from John Wilson to Joseph W. Tkach" Orr, Ralph. 1999 Accessed: 2009-01-10
• "The United States and Britain in Prophecy: An Analysis of the Biblical Evidence" Orr, Ralph. 1995 Accessed: 2009-01-10
• Anglo-Israelism Refuted: Lecture by Robert Roberts on February 20, 1879 in response to a lecture by Edward Hine Accessed: 2009-01-10

[edit] Key people in the early British Israel Movement

• Richard Brothers (1757–1824), early believer and teacher of this theory
• John Wilson (1799–1870), collected his lectures in a book, Our Israelitish Origin (1840).
• Charles Piazzi Smyth, the pyramidologist and Astronomer Royal for Scotland.
• William H. Poole, minister, known for his book Anglo-Israel or the Saxon Race?: Proved to be the Lost Tribes of Israel (1889).
• J. H. Allen, wrote Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright which was the basis of Herbert W. Armstrong's teachings on this same subject.
• C. A. L. Totten, Professor of Military Tactics at Yale University, he wrote countless articles and books advocating British Israelism, including a 26-volume series entitled Our Race.
• Richard Reader Harris (KC) (1847–1909), founder of the Pentecostal Movement in London.
• William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912–1925).
• G. G. Rupert (1847–1922) [6]
• William Comyns Beaumont (1873–1956) British journalist, author, and lecturer.
• Herbert W. Armstrong (1892–1986), United States founder of the Radio Church of God.
• Roger Rusk (1906–1994), author and self-proclaimed Bible scholar.

[edit] Other advocates

• Alan Campbell
• Richard Reader Harris
• Charles Fox Parham

[edit] See also

• Aryan race
• Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism
• British Jews
• Christian Zionism
• Christianity and anti-Semitism
• Christianity and Biblical prophecy
• Christianity and Judaism
• Cimbri
• History of the Jews in the United Kingdom
• Israelis in the United Kingdom
• Jewish Christians
• Judeo-Christian
• Messianic Judaism
• Nordicism
• Supersessionism
• Two House Theology
• Unification Church and anti-Semitism
• Franco-Israelism

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Kossy, Donna. "The Anglo-Israelites" in Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief, Los Angeles: Feral House, 2001 (2nd ed. exp. from 1994). (ISBN 978-0-922915-67-5)

[edit] External links

• Anglo-Israelism and British Israelism by B.A. Robinson, at Religious Tolerance.org
• British-Israelism/Anglo-Israelism by Brian T. Ullman, at Religious Movements
• British Israel - Fact or Fiction? by Alan Campbell, B.A.
• Imperial British-Israelism: Justification for an Empire. (1987) by Gregory S. Neal
• British Israelism by Gary A. Hand
• Brit Am by Yair Davidiy
• Nordic Israelism
• British-Israel basics
• The Ten Lost Tribes (Chart)
• Christian, Messianic, and Jewish historical/Scriptural research
• The origin of British Israelism
• Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Anglo-Israelism
• "The Spirit and the Bride", articles emphasising scriptural sources
• Old Time Belief, old time language, by Mark Newbrook
• The Anglo-Israelites at the Kooks Museum

[edit] British Israelism book lists

• British Israel book list
• Red Thread book list
• Sacred Truth Ministries book list
• Son Place book list
• Bible Blessings British-Israel book publisher
• Canadian British-Israel Association book listing