Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	P27.1
ICD-9	770.7
DiseasesDB	1713
eMedicine	ped/289
MeSH	D001997

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; formerly Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy) is a chronic lung disorder that is most common among children who were born prematurely, with low birthweights and who received prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome. BPD is clinically defined as oxygen dependence at 36 weeks' postconceptional age.

BPD is characterized by inflammation and scarring in the lungs. More specifically, the high pressures of oxygen delivery result in necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolar septal injury, further compromising oxygenation of blood. Today, with the advent of surfactant therapy and high frequency nasal ventilation and oxygen supplementation, infants with BPD experience much milder injury without necrotizing bronchiolitis or alveolar septal fibrosis. Instead, there usually are uniformly dilated acini with thin alveolar septa and little or no interstitial fibrosis. It develops most commonly in the first 4 weeks after birth.

[edit] Complications

Feeding problems are common in infants with BPD, often due to prolonged intubation. Such infants often display oral-tactile hypersensitivity (also known as oral aversion).^[1] Physical findings: -hypoxemia, hypercapnia -crackles, wheezing, and decreased breath sounds -increased bronchial secretions -hyperinflation --frequent lower respiratory infections -delayed growth and development -cor pulmonale -CXR shows with hyperinflation, low diaphragm, atelectesis, cystic changes

[edit] External links

• American Lung Association
• Merck

[edit] References

v • d • e Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P, 760-779) Maternal factors and complications placenta (Placenta praevia, Placental insufficiency) · Chorion/Amnion/Umbilical cord Chorioamnionitis  · Umbilical cord prolapse · Nuchal cord  · Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome Length of gestation and fetal growth Small for gestational age · Large for gestational age · Preterm birth · Postmature birth Birth trauma Cephalhematoma · Brachial plexus lesion (Erb's palsy, Klumpke paralysis) By system Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia · Infant respiratory distress syndrome · Transient tachypnea of the newborn · Meconium aspiration syndrome · pleural disease (Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum) · Wilson-Mikity syndrome · Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium · Persistent fetal circulation Haemorrhagic and haematological/ hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency (Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn) · Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO HDN • Anti-Kell HDN • Rhesus c HDN • Rhesus D HDN • Rhesus E HDN) · Rh disease · Hydrops fetalis · Hyperbilirubinemia (Kernicterus, Neonatal jaundice) Velamentous cord insertion Digestive system Ileus · Necrotizing enterocolitis · Meconium peritonitis Integument and temperature regulation Erythema toxicum Nervous system Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal system Gray baby syndrome · muscle tone (Congenital hypertonia, Congenital hypotonia) Other disorders Perinatal infection (Congenital rubella syndrome, Neonatal herpes simplex) · Omphalitis Stillbirth/Perinatal mortality obstetric navs: pregnancy, conditions of mother/conditions of fetus, eponymous signs, proc