Bryce Hospital

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Bryce Hospital

Front of Bryce Hospital
Geography
Location	Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States
Organization
Care system	Public
Hospital type	Specialist
Services
Beds	464
Speciality	Psychiatric hospital
History
Founded	1861
Links
Lists	Hospitals in Alabama

Bryce Hospital, opened in 1861 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA, is Alabama's oldest and largest inpatient psychiatric facility. First known as the Alabama State Hospital for the Insane^[1] and later as the Alabama Insane Hospital, the building is considered an architectural model.^[2] The hospital currently houses 464 beds for acute care, treatment and rehabilitation of full-time (committed) patients. Of those, 40 beds are certified by Medicaid for adolescent inpatient care. The Harper Geriatric Hospital, a separate facility on the same campus, provides an additional 100 beds for inpatient geriatric care. The main facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.^[3]

Contents 1 History 2 Decline 3 Wyatt v. Stickney 4 Future of Bryce Hospital 5 References 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 External links

[edit] History

The plans for a state hospital for the mentally ill in Alabama began in 1852. The new facility was planned from the start to utilize the "moral architecture" concepts of 1830s activists Thomas Story Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Dix's reformist ideas, in particular, are credited as the driving force behind the construction of the hospital. Architect Samuel Sloan designed the Italianate building using the Kirkbride Plan. Construction of the building began in 1853 but was not completed until 1859. The hospital was the first building in Tuscaloosa with gas lighting and central heat,^[4] "all clad in a fashionable Italianate exterior."^[1]

The Alabama Insane Hospital opened in 1861. It was later renamed for its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, a 27-year-old psychiatric pioneer from South Carolina. Bryce had been brought to the attention of the hospital trustees by Dix. He had studied mental health care in Europe and worked in psychiatric hospitals in New Jersey as well as his native South Carolina.^[4] His tenure was marked by absolute discipline among the staff of the hospital. He demanded that patients be given courtesy, kindness and respect at all times. The use of shackles, straitjackets and other restraints was discouraged, and finally abandoned altogether in 1882. Various work programs and other activities were encouraged, including farming, sewing, maintenance and crafts. Between 1872 and the early 1880s, some of the patients wrote and edited their own newspaper, called The Meteor. These writings provide a rare inside look at life in a progressive mental institution in the late 19th century. At that time, Bryce's management and commitment to "scientific treatments" was recognized around the country as in a class of its own.

[edit] Decline

During the 20th century, the patient population expanded while standards of care fell to abysmal levels. Alabama Governor Lurleen Wallace viewed the facility in February 1967, and was moved to tears after an overweight, retarded nine-year old attempted to hug her, crying "Mama! Mama!" She lobbied her husband, George Wallace (who held the actual power of her governorship) for more funds for the institution.^[5]

In 1970, Alabama ranked last among U.S. states in funding for mental health. Bryce Hospital at that time had 5,200 patients living in conditions that a Montgomery Advertiser editor likened to a concentration camp. That same year, a cigarette tax earmarked for mental health treatment was cut. 100 Bryce employees were laid off, including 20 professional staff. Members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama attempted to file suit on behalf of the laid-off workers, but Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that the courts had no standing to intervene on behalf of fired employees. He left open, however, the possibility of a suit filed on behalf of patients, whose quality of care was affected.

[edit] Wyatt v. Stickney

In October 1970, Ricky Wyatt, a fifteen-year-old who had always been labeled a "juvenile delinquent" and housed at Bryce despite not being indicated with a mental illness, became the named plaintiff in a class-action lawsuit.^[6] His aunt, W. C. Rawlins, was one of the employees that had been laid off. Together they testified about intolerable conditions and improper treatments designed only to make the patients more manageable. In 1971 the plaintiff class was expanded to include patients at Alabama's two other inpatient mental health facilities, Searcy Hospital (Mt. Vernon) and Camp Partlow (Coker). The resulting court-ordered agreements formed the basis for federal minimum standards for the care of people with mental illness or mental retardations who reside in institutional settings. In 1999 a new settlement agreement was made recognizing a great deal of progress. The case was finally dismissed on December 5, 2003, with the finding by Judge Myron Thompson that Alabama was in compliance with the agreement.

The standards elaborated in that agreement have served as a model nationwide. Known as the "Wyatt Standards," they are founded on four criteria for evaluation of care:

• Humane psychological and physical environment
• Qualified and sufficient staff for administration of treatment
• Individualized treatment plans
• Minimum restriction of patient freedom.

The case of Wyatt vs. Stickney came to a conclusion after 33 years, through the tenure of nine Alabama governors and fourteen state mental health commissioners, the longest mental health case in national history. The State of Alabama estimates its litigation expenses at over $15 million.^[6]

[edit] Future of Bryce Hospital

In 2009, the state of Alabama began working toward the closure of Bryce. In October, the former Carraway Methodist Medical Center in Birmingham was announced as a possible replacement.^[7] The process was prompted by the University of Alabama system's offer of $50 million for the building (which borders the Tuscaloosa campus) and the 200 acres it sits on, an offer rejected by the trustees of the Alabama Department of Mental Health.^[8] The Tuscaloosa City Council, meanwhile, at the prompting of Tuscaloosa mayor Walt Maddox,^[9] authorized a lawsuit against the state to prevent it from selling the institution.^[10]

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law

[edit] Further reading

• Robert O. Mellown. (Spring 1994). "Mental Health and Moral Architecture." Alabama Heritage. Issue #32.
• Rev. Joseph Camp. (1882) An Insight into an Insane Asylum., self-published "exposé" of conditions at Bryce.
• John S. Hughes, editor (1993). The Letters of a Victorian Madwoman. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-840-9, the letters of Andrew Sheffield giving details of a woman's life at Bryce at the end of the 19th century.
• Bill L. Weaver (January 1996) "Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1861-1892," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 51, pages 5-28.

[edit] External links

• Burt Rieff. (April 1999) "Meteor: The "remarkable enterprise" at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1872-1881", The Alabama Review, [1] - accessed 23 August 2005.
• Clarence J. Sundram. (2003) "Wyatt v. Stickney - A Long Odyssey Reaches an End." American Association on Mental Retardation. [2] - accessed 23 August 2005.

Coordinates: 33°12′59″N 87°32′18″W / 33.21626°N 87.53831°W / 33.21626; -87.53831